Trajectories and magnitude of change in coral reef fish populations in Philippine marine reserves: a meta-analysis |
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Authors: | R J Maliao A T White A P Maypa R G Turingan |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Blvd., Melbourne, FL 32901-6975, USA;(2) Asia-Pacific Program, The Nature Conservancy, 923 Nu’uanu Avenue, Honolulu, HI 96817-1539, USA;(3) Coastal Conservation Education Foundation, Inc. (CCEF), 6200 Banilad, Cebu City, Philippines;(4) Zoology Department, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2538 McCarthy Mall Edmondson 152, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA |
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Abstract: | Marine reserves are widely implemented worldwide to meet both conservation and fisheries management goals. This study examines
the efficacy of Philippine marine reserves using meta-analysis by comparing variations in fish density (1) between reserves
and adjacent fished reefs (spatial comparison), (2) within reserves before establishment relative to years following the establishment
(temporal comparison), and (3) among reserves classified based on size, age, and enforcement capacity. A grand (total) mean
of nineteen 22.3 ha coral reef reserves, protected for a mean duration of 8.2 years, were included in the meta-analyses. The
overall density of fishes was higher in the reserves compared with the fished reefs and this difference was largely accounted
for by exploited fishes. However, the overall density of fishes within the same reserves remained similar from the period
before its establishment to several years following its establishment. Only the density of nonexploited fishes increased significantly
during years subsequent to the establishment of the reserves. Neither age nor size of reserves correlated with pattern of
change in fish density following the establishment of the reserves; however, fish density was consistently higher in larger
and older reserves relative to smaller and younger reserves in the spatial comparison. Furthermore, well-enforced reserves
had higher density of exploited fishes relative to less-enforced reserves in both spatial and temporal comparisons. In general,
the magnitude and trajectory of change in fish density following the establishment of Philippine marine reserves are influenced
by (1) functional groups of fishes under consideration, (2) size and age of the reserve, and (3) level of enforcement of the
regulatory mechanisms necessary to sustain a marine reserve. |
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