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历史上向"天朝"上贡对滇南犀牛灭绝和亚洲象濒危过程的影响
引用本文:许再富.历史上向"天朝"上贡对滇南犀牛灭绝和亚洲象濒危过程的影响[J].生物多样性,2000,8(1):112-119.
作者姓名:许再富
作者单位:中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园,云南勐腊县,666303
基金项目:中科院资环局九五重大项目!KZ951-A1-104资助
摘    要:根据有关历史资料的统计分析,在元朝以后,滇南各土司向天朝上贡的犀角估算有79~123支,并在清朝于18世纪末19世纪初犀牛就成为濒于灭绝的物种,而最后的一头犀牛是在1957年在滇南被捕杀。滇南各土司在元朝以后向天朝上贡的大象估算有1140~1339头、象牙38~76支,加上大象和犀牛被用于频繁的战争,它在17世纪中期就处于濒危的状态。因而,向天朝上贡这一特殊的人文因素是大象和犀牛在滇南濒危和灭绝的重要原因之一。虽然犀牛已在滇南灭绝,但从现代的生态环境来说,实现再引种是可能的。

关 键 词:犀牛  大象  向天朝上贡  濒危  灭绝  朝廷  贡品  人文因素
收稿时间:1999-9-2
修稿时间:1999-6-25

The effects of paying tribute to the imperial court in the history on rhinoceros' extinction and elephant's endangerment in Southern Yunnan
XU Zai-Fu.The effects of paying tribute to the imperial court in the history on rhinoceros'' extinction and elephant''s endangerment in Southern Yunnan[J].Biodiversity Science,2000,8(1):112-119.
Authors:XU Zai-Fu
Abstract:In accordance with the statistics from related historical documents, we estimated that 79 ~ 123 rhinoceros horns had been paid as tribute to the imperial courts of China from southern Yunnan since the Yuan Dynasty (the 13rd century). The rhinoceros in the region, therefore, was becoming extinct during the period of the Qing Dynasty from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century. The last rhinoceros was killed in 1957 in southern Yunnan. Meanwhile, 1140 ~1339 elephants and 38 -- 76 ivories were estimated to be paid as tribute to the imperial courts of China from southern Yunnan since the Yuan Dy- nasty, and elephants were fallen into the situation of endangeredness in the middle of the 17th century. Paying tribute, as a special human factor, was one of the important reasons for the endangerment and extinction of rhinoceros and elephants. Although rhinoceros has been extinct in southern Yunnan, it can be reintroduced in recent ecoenvironment.
Keywords:rhinoceros  elephant  paying tribute  endangeredness  extinction  
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