长江口水生动物食物网营养结构及其变化

为研究长江口水生动物食物网营养结构及其变化, 运用胃含物分析法研究了2016—2017年长江口及其邻近水域捕获的43种水生动物的食性类型与营养结构, 并与20世纪90年代和2006年文献数据进行了比较, 结果表明, 长江口及其邻近水域捕获的水生动物分为4种食性类型: 浮游生物食性、底栖生物食性、游泳生物食性、混合食性, 其中浮游生物食性消费者占绝对优势, 为39.53%; 游泳生物食性消费者所占比例最少, 为11.63%。所分析样品的营养级可分为3级, 其中植食性消费者占优势, 为76.75%; 中级肉食性消费者所占比例最少, 为4.65%; 与20世纪90年代相比, 12种常见鱼类的平均营养级由3.80下降到2.87。长江口水生动物食物网结构较为复杂, 生产者类型包括底栖藻类、浮游植物、有机碎屑3种, 主要由牧食食物链和碎屑食物链构成复杂的食物网。

TROPHIC STRUCTURE OF FOOD WEB AND ITS VARIATION ON AQUATIC ANIMALS IN THE YANGTZE ESTUARY

In order to provide basic information for protecting and rational utilizing resources of the Yangtze Estuary, feeding types, trophic level, energy flow, and food web, 43 aquatic animals were studied by using stomach content analysis. The species were classified into four groups according to their feeding habit: plankton feeding, benthic feeding, nekton feeding, and mixed feeding (benthic and nekton feeding). Among the samples collected in this study, the plankton predators were dominant accountings for 39.53%, and the nekton predators had the minimum dominancy, accounting for 11.63%. The results of trophic level showed that according to the dietary habits, these aquatic animals can be also divided into 3 different groups, which herbivorous consumers were dominant, and accounted for 76.75%, while intermediate carnivorous fish had the minimum dominancy, accounting for 4.65%. Through the overfishing and environmental degradation, the trophic levels of the 12 common fish in the Yangtze Estuar were generally lower than those of the 1990s, the average trophic level dropped from 3.80 to 2.87. According to each consumer’s stomach content, this study determined the benthic algae and phytoplankton, and organic detritus, including particulate organic matter (POM), as the main producers of the Yangtze Estuary aquatic food web, and drew their own energy flow. Eventually, based on the nutritional relationship among different aquatic animals, this study proposed a simplified model for the Yangtze Estuary aquatic animals’ food web.