外来养殖鱼类的入侵风险评估及防控对策——以尼罗罗非鱼为例

目的]筛选合适的指标建立一套外来养殖鱼类的生物入侵风险评估体系，并对外来养殖鱼类的生物入侵防控提出对策建议。方法]通过文献资料的收集和整理，对外来养殖鱼类中典型入侵物种的入侵过程、影响危害和入侵生物学特性进行分析和归纳，从适应能力、繁殖能力、扩散能力3方面指示其入侵性;从对生物的影响和对环境的影响2方面指示其生态影响;从自然因素和人为因素2方面指示环境可入侵性，以上述3方面为框架进行评估体系构建。结果]筛选20个指标构建了外来养殖鱼类的生物入侵风险评估体系，并举例说明该评估体系的应用。从法规政策、科学研究、治理技术和公众参与等4个方面针对性地提出外来养殖鱼类生物入侵风险防控对策。结论]防范和治理入侵生物是一个系统工程。对于外来养殖鱼类的管理，既不能只考虑经济效益而置生态风险于不顾，也不能片面放大外来养殖良种的入侵风险。科学管控的关键在于完善制度建设、加强风险评估、发展防治手段、促进公众参与，使外来鱼类养殖业在严格受控的前提下发挥其经济效益，将其潜在的生态危害效应降到最低。

Risk assessment and control of the exotic farmed fish, the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Aim] Identification of appropriate indicators to develop a risk assessment method for biological invasion of exotic farmed fishes and to propose countermeasures for its prevention and control.Method] The study analyzed the overall process of invasion, evaluated the damage, investigated the biological characteristics of typical invasive exotic farmed fish, and indicated their invasion from three aspects using literature data, viz., adaptability, reproduction capacity, and diffusion ability; indicated the ecological impacts in terms of both biological and environmental impacts; natural factors and human factors are considered to indicate the invasibility of environment, and the evaluation system was developed using these factors as a framework.Result] Twenty indicators were screened to develop a risk assessment method for biological invasion potential of exotic farmed fishes, the application of which was further validated with the help of an example. The countermeasures for prevention and control of the biological invasion risk of farmed exotic fishes were proposed from four perspectives:laws and regulation, scientific research, governance technology, and public participation.Conclusion] Prevention and management of invasive species is a systematic process. We should not just emphasize on economic gains while ignoring ecological hazards, nor can we unilaterally increase the risk of invasion of such farmed species. The key to successful scientific management and control is to improve strategic approaches, strengthen risk assessment, develop prevention and control methods, and promote public participation. Through such actions, the exotic fish farming business may reap economic benefits while maintaining strict control of invasive species and may minimize their potential ecological impact.