水生动物进口风险评估综述

随着全球水产养殖业的发展,水产动物活体或水产品贸易日益频繁,不可避免地给进口国带来病原风险,造成疾病引入和传播,甚至生物入侵,严重危害水产养殖业的发展。水生动物进口风险评估(IRA),是指从别国或地区进口水生动物活体包括其受精卵、稚鱼、幼鱼、苗种、成体以及商品等的风险分析。风险分析是指对风险事件进行科学、透明、系统分析的一个过程,它由危害识别、风险评估、风险交流和风险管理4个部分构成。目前,常用的风险评估方法有定性风险评估、半定量风险评估和定量风险评估3种。定性风险评估具有灵活性强、适用范围广、易掌握的特点,能够综合各种资料、数据和信息,尤其适合初次风险评估,但容易受评估人员主观因素的影响。定量风险评估可避免主观因素的影响,评估结果准确、可靠,但需要收集大量数据,工作量巨大,评估成本也很高。通常,定性评估结果若能够提供很好的防范措施,则不必进行定量评估。将外来水生病原阻止在引进之初远比引入后根除更加容易。因此,开展水生动物进口风险评估对于阻止水生动物疾病传播和水生态环境破坏具有重要意义,同时也可为各国进行水产贸易提供参考。

Overview of the import risk assessment for aquatic-animal

With the expansion of global aquaculture, the trade of live aquatic animals and their products has significantly increased. This has inevitably led to introduction and spread of live animals and pathogens. Import risk analysis （IRA） is a structured process for analyzing the risks associated with the international or domestic movements of live aquatic animals, including zygote, fry, finger- lings, larvae, adult and their products. Risk analysis provides a clearly defined framework for a scientific, transparent, systematical process of analyzing the risk incident. The complete process is composed of hazard identification, risk assessment, management, and communication. There are three types of assessment currently used, including qualitative risk assessment, semi-quantitative and quantitative risk assessment. Qualitative risk assessments are flexible and can incorporate diverse sources and types of information or data, especially in the new research field, but this method are often influenced by groups＇ cognitive bias. Quantitative risk assess- ment may avoid the subjective nature of the qualitative assessment and results often are more accurate and reliable. However quanti- tative risk assessment requires considerable amounts of data and human and financial resources. If risk management may be obtained through qualitative risk assessment, quantitative risk assessment becomes not essential. IRA is of great benefit to preventing the spread of the aquatic disease and disruption of aquatic environmental since it is easier to prevent the introduction of new pathogens than to eradicate them after introduction. It also provides references for trade of national aquatic products.