Redundancy in wildflower strip species helps support spatiotemporal variation in wild bee communities on diversified farms |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States;2. Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States;1. Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Life Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu 51003, Estonia;2. Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu 51006, Estonia;3. Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha, Suchdol 165 00, Czech Republic;1. Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany;2. Department of Vegetation and Phytodiversity Analysis, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 1a, 37073 Göttingen, Germany;3. Thuenen Institute for Biodiversity Research, Bundesallee 65, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany;1. Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada;2. Biology Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;1. NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford OX10 8BB, Oxfordshire, UK;2. School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK;3. Environment & Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, Cornwall, UK;1. University of Bern, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland;2. Agroscope, Agroecology and Environment, Reckenholzstrasse 191, Zürich, 8046, Switzerland;1. Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Nature Conservation and Landscape Planning, D-06406 Bernburg, Germany;2. Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences, Vegetation Ecology and Botany, D-49090 Osnabrück, Germany |
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| Abstract: | Wildflower strips are a management practice increasingly used to provide floral resources to wild bees in agroecosystems. Yet, despite known spatiotemporal variation in wild bee communities, the degree to which different wildflower strip species consistently support wild bee communities is poorly understood. Additionally, whether such consistency is related to the functional roles wildflower species play (e.g., in supporting diverse, rare, or unique suites of bee species) has not been considered. Over three years and on four diversified farms, we evaluated spatiotemporal variation in wild bee communities and bee-flower interactions in wildflower strips to better understand the roles of flower strip species in supporting bees. We documented spatiotemporal variation in the abundance, richness, and composition of local wild bee communities. Certain wildflower species consistently supported the highest richness of wild bees across years. These wildflower species were regularly core members of the bee-flower interaction network, visited by both generalist and specialist bees. By contrast, wildflower species supporting the most unique suites of bees were variable in this role among farms. In order to select plant species for wildflower strips that consistently support a high diversity of wild bee communities within farm landscapes, it is useful to consider several different functional roles that plants may play. Whereas a handful of wildflower species may be visited by the majority of local wild bee species, achieving support for the remaining, and perhaps rarer, bee species will require planting additional flower species, which may appear redundant until the spatiotemporal variation in wild bee communities is more thoroughly considered. This functional approach to selecting wildflower species for bee conservation efforts is important for making practical recommendations to land managers and for guiding best management practices in different regions and with diverse management goals. |
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| Keywords: | Ecosystem stability Floral resources Functional diversity Hedgerow plantings Landscape enhancement Native bee conservation Pollination services |
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