合成生物学技术在环境保护中的应用

合成生物学是一个基于生物学和工程学原理的科学领域，其目的是重新设计和重组微生物，以优化或创建具有增强功能的新生物系统。该领域利用分子工具、系统生物学和遗传框架的重编程，从而构建合成途径以获得具有替代功能的微生物。传统上，合成生物学方法通常旨在开发具有成本效益的微生物细胞工厂进而从可再生资源中生产化学物质。然而，近年来合成生物学技术开始在环境保护中发挥着更直接的作用。本综述介绍了基因工程中的合成生物学工具，讨论了基于基因工程的微生物修复策略，强调了合成生物学技术可以通过响应特定污染物进行生物修复来保护环境。其中，规律间隔成簇短回文重复序列（Clustered Regularly Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats，CRISPR）技术在基因工程细菌和古细菌的生物修复中得到了广泛应用，生物修复领域也出现了很多新的先进技术，包括生物膜工程、人工微生物群落的构建、基因驱动、酶和蛋白质工程等。有了这些新的技术和工具，生物修复将成为当今最好和最有效的污染物去除方式之一。

Application of Synthetic Biology Technology in Environmental Protection

Synthetic biology is a scientific field based on principles of biology and engineering, with the aim of redesigning and recombining microorganisms to optimize or create new biological systems with enhanced functions. This field utilizes molecular tools, systems biology, and reprogramming of genetic frameworks to construct synthetic pathways to obtain microorganisms with alternative functions. Traditionally, synthetic biology methods are typically aimed at developing cost-effective microbial cell factories to produce chemicals from renewable resources. However, synthetic biology technology is now playing a more direct role in environmental protection. This review introduces synthetic biology tools in genetic engineering, discusses microbial remediation strategies based on genetic engineering, and emphasizes that synthetic biology techniques can protect the environment by responding to specific pollutants for bioremediation. Among them, CRISPR technology has been widely applied in the bioremediation of genetically engineered bacteria and archaea, and many new advanced technologies have emerged in the field of bioremediation, including biofilm engineering, construction of artificial microbial communities, gene driving, enzyme and protein engineering, etc. With these new technologies and tools, bioremediation will become one of the best and most effective pollutant removal processes today.