Complex adaptive landscapes (CAL): A conceptual framework of multi-functional,non-linear ecohydrological feedback systems |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Geography, Planning and Architecture, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia;2. Centre for Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Science (CRSSIS), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia;3. Tropical Savanna and Management CRC, CSIRO, Atherton, Queensland 4883, Australia;1. Geography Department, Leicester University, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK;2. 34 Balmoral Street, Timaru, South Canterbury, New Zealand;1. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005, 2nd Baumanskaya str. 5, Moscow, Russia;2. National Research University “Moscow Power Engineering Institute”, 111250, Krasnokazarmennaya str. 14, Moscow, Russia;1. Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark;2. Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Frederiksborgsvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark;3. Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgsvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark;4. Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark;1. 34 Balmoral Street, Timaru, South Island, New Zealand;2. Centre for Loess Research & Documentation, School of Geology, Geography & the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK |
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| Abstract: | Landscape ecology and complex adaptive systems (CAS) research provide numerous examples of systems with complex non-linear feedbacks, but our understanding of these systems is severely limited by a lack of conceptual frameworks built on these foundations. Here, we develop a conceptual framework by combining CAS organisation with landscape structure, functioning and change. The resulting framework, ‘complex adaptive landscapes’ (CAL), explicitly captures the reciprocal feedbacks and non-linear nature of interactions between components within and between system levels, and the consequent possibility of multiple functional states (alternate systems functioning). The CAL framework highlights six core tenets that describe landscape complexity and dynamics. CAL provides examples of how the complex ecohydrological interactions at finer-scale hillslope levels manifest changes to broader landscape levels, as well as multi-temporal feedbacks and change (days to decades). Understanding the specific feedback and non-linear responses of different components of the landscape, such as plant functional types, are of paramount importance for adequately designing monitoring and analytical frameworks for adaptive natural resource management. The CAL framework allows us to better understand the scale of ecohydrological functions within the landscape, and how substituted component types and their spatial and temporal configuration may cause dysfunctional states to arise as a result of human land use. |
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