雌先熟植物茄参 （茄科）的繁育系统

对分布于云南西北部的茄参（Mandragora caulescens）的繁育系统进行了研究。茄参的花期为5月底到6月初，单花持续时间为（9.9±2.8）d，其性表达方式为雌性先熟。有三种昆虫拜访茄参的花，白背熊蜂蜂王是最有效的传粉昆虫，但其访花频率很低；苍蝇和蚂蚁的访花频率较高，但苍蝇传粉效率十分有限；蚂蚁是窃蜜者。授粉实验证明茄参具有部分自交亲和能力，但由于雌性先熟，不具备主动自交能力。人工添加异交花粉显著提高了结实率和结籽数，证明茄参存在花粉限制。茄科的大部分植物是严格自交不亲和的，但茄参族的茄参是自交部分亲和，这和茄科天仙子族的部分成员类似。我们认为这两个独立起源于新世界向欧亚大陆扩散事件的族，各自从自交不亲和向自交亲和转变可能与高山地区恶劣的自然条件有关，这种繁育系统的进化模式是否具有普遍性值得进一步研究。

Breeding System of Protogynous Mandragora caulescens（Solanaceae）

We studied the breeding system of Mandragora caulescens that distributed in the northwest of Yunnan province. Our results showed that this species bloomed from late May to early June. Flowers were protogynous and lasted （9.9±2.8）d. Three types of visitors were observed. The Queen of Bombus festivces was an effective pollinator, but its visiting frequency was rather low. Although flies and ants visited flowers with high frequency, flies rarely pollinated flowers and ants were totally nectar thieves. Pollination experiments suggested the species was partly self compatible, but protogyny made autonomous selfing become impossible. Fruit set and seed production with supplemental outcrossing pollen was significantly enhanced compared with natural flowers, suggesting pollen limitation in this species. Most species of Solanaceae were strictly self incompatible, but M.caulescens was partly self compatible which was similar with three studied Hyoscyameae members. Hyoscyameae and Mandragoreae formed a monophyletic group independently as a result of two independent dispersal events from the New World into Eurasia. We considered the two tribes independently lost SI systems, and this transition related to harsh environment of alpine region. It is worth conducting further study to clarify whether the evolutionary transition is common in alpine region.