基于文化与政治生态学的社会生态系统演进机制研究 ——以杭州与西湖为例

科学认识社会生态系统演进机制是对其进行有效管理的重要基础。以文化与政治生态学为理论基础，提出适合杭州—西湖社会生态系统的综合研究框架，识别了杭州—西湖社会生态系统的5个演进阶段，并分析出系统演进中的3种潜在状态。自然、政治、经济以及社会驱动力是影响杭州—西湖社会生态系统的主导因素，人类行为影响整个生态系统中扰动的频率、大小和形式并改变西湖生态系统的结构与功能，进而影响西湖为城市提供生态系统服务的潜能。在不同历史时期，基于自然、社会、经济、文化等多层面的需求，西湖在不同系统状态下为城市供给不同类别和质量的生态系统服务，总体而言供给与调节服务比例逐渐下降，文化服务逐渐上升，并且后者逐步成为最主要的生态系统服务类别。杭州与西湖在长期的互馈共生中建立了社会生态系统的自适应性调节机制，其背后的生态智慧可为现代风景园林规划提供重要启示。

Evolution Mechanism of Social-Ecological System Based on Cultural and Political Ecology: A Case Study of Hangzhou and West Lake

Scientific understanding of the evolution mechanism underlying social-ecological systems (SESs) provides an important foundation for effectively managing those systems. Based on theories of cultural and political ecology, this paper develops an integrated research framework for the SES of Hangzhou and West Lake, identifying five evolution stages as well as three potential system states. Natural, political, economic and social forces have been the dominant factors affecting the Hangzhou-West Lake SES. Human behavior has affected the frequency, magnitude and form of disturbances and changed the structure and function of the West Lake ecosystem, which in turn has influenced the potential for West Lake to provide ecosystem services to Hangzhou. Based on various natural, social, economic and cultural needs, West Lake has provided ecosystem services of various types and quality to Hangzhou at different historic times and in distinct system states. In general, cultural services have gradually replaced provisioning and regulating services and become the most important ecosystem service type. The long-term symbiotic relationship between the city and the lake has established an adaptive management mechanism for the Hangzhou-West Lake social-ecological system, the ecological wisdom behind which provides important implications for contemporary landscape planning.