Differential gene expression in Giardia lamblia under oxidative stress: Significance in eukaryotic evolution |
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Authors: | Dibyendu Raj Esha Ghosh Avik K Mukherjee Tomoyoshi Nozaki Sandipan Ganguly |
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Institution: | 1. Division of Parasitology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India;2. Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan |
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Abstract: | Giardia lamblia is a unicellular, early branching eukaryote causing giardiasis, one of the most common human enteric diseases. Giardia, a microaerophilic protozoan parasite has to build up mechanisms to protect themselves against oxidative stress within the human gut (oxygen concentration 60 μM) to establish its pathogenesis. G. lamblia is devoid of the conventional mechanisms of the oxidative stress management system, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and glutathione cycling, which are present in most eukaryotes. NADH oxidase is a major component of the electron transport chain of G. lamblia, which in concurrence with disulfide reductase, protects oxygen-labile proteins such as pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase against oxidative stress by sustaining a reduced intracellular environment. It also contains the arginine dihydrolase pathway, which occurs in a number of anaerobic prokaryotes, includes substrate level phosphorylation and adequately active to make a major contribution to ATP production. |
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Keywords: | ROS reactive oxygen species NADH (reduced) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide PCD programmed cell death protein like protein TYIS-33 tryptone&ndash yeast extract&ndash iron&ndash serum-33 PBS phosphate buffered saline PCR polymerase chain reaction HEPES 4-(2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid NADPH (reduced) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ATP adenosine tri-phosphate VSP variant specific surface protein SOD superoxide dismutase H2DCFDA 2&prime 7&prime -dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate DCF 2&prime 7&prime -dichlorofluorescein SSC standard saline citrate dUTP deoxyuridine triphosphate dTTP deoxythymidine triphosphate RT-PCR real time PCR GSH glutathione SRP-64 signal recognition particle-64 PCV protein for cell viability |
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