白蚁踪迹信息素研究进展

近年来， 固相微萃取技术的使用显著促进了白蚁踪迹信息素研究的开展。目前， 已有77种白蚁的踪迹信息素得到研究， 常见化学成分为十二碳单烯醇、 十二碳二烯醇和十二碳三烯醇， 其次为新松柏烯。已经鉴定的踪迹信息素主要为单组分或双组分系统。白蚁踪迹信息素由腹板腺分泌， 除澳白蚁科的达氏澳白蚁Mastotermes darwiniensis具有3个腹板腺外， 现存的白蚁均具有1个腹板腺， 位于第4或第5腹节。所有腹板腺都具有类型Ⅰ和Ⅱ两类细胞， 原白蚁亚科（Termopsinae）、 齿白蚁科（Serritermitidae）、 鼻白蚁科（Rhinotermitidae）种类的腹板腺还具有类型Ⅲ细胞。踪迹信息素的生物合成还缺乏研究， 推测有甲羟戊酸、 脂肪醇和饱和表皮烃3种途径。白蚁踪迹信息素的简约性十分显著， 不同地理分布、 生物生态习性以及一些系统距离较远的种类具有相同和密切相关的踪迹信息素。对于许多种类， 相同的信息化合物具有踪迹信息素和配对性信息素双重功能。白蚁踪迹信息素种特异性和简约性的适应意义和进化机制需要进一步研究。

Research progress in trail pheromones in termites

In recent years, the use of solid phase micro extraction has promoted significant advances in the field of trail pheromones of termites. Up to now, trail pheromones of termites are known in 77 species, and the common components include dodecaenol, dodecadienol, dodecatrienol as well as neocembrene. The trail pheromones in termites mainly consist of single or two components. In termites, trail pheromones emanate from the sternal gland. Mastotermes darwiniensis belonging to Mastotermitidae is the only extant termite to possess three sternal glands. Other termites possess one sternal gland located on the 4th or 5th sternite. All sternal glands possess class Ⅰ and Ⅱ cells. Class Ⅲ cells are present only in the Termopsinae, Serritermitidae and Rhinotermitidae. No studies have been done on the biosynthesis of termite trail pheromones. Three biosynthesis pathways were hypothesized: the mevalonate pathway, the aliphatic alcohol pathway and the saturated cuticular hydrocarbon pathway. The parsimony of trail pheromones is well developed in termites. The same or closely related trail pheromones are present in species from different geographic origins, different ecological life types, and unrelated taxa. In many species, the same semiochemical possesses the double function of trail pheromone and sex-pairing pheromone. The adaptability and evolutionary mechanism of both the species specialty and the parsimony of the trail pheromones need to be further explored.