Nitric oxide is induced by wounding and influences jasmonic acid signaling in<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Arabidopsis thaliana</Emphasis> |
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Authors: | Xi?Huang Kurt?Stettmaier Christa?Michel Peter?Hutzler Martin?J?Mueller Email author" target="_blank">J?rg?DurnerEmail author |
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Institution: | (1) Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, GSF—National Research Center for Environment and Health, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany;(2) Institute of Radiobiology, GSF—National Research Center for Environment and Health, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany;(3) Institute of Pathology, GSF—National Research Center for Environment and Health, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany;(4) Lehrstuhl Pharmazeutische Biologie, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut fuer Biowissenschaften, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany |
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Abstract: | Nitric oxide (NO) has been associated with plant defense responses during microbial attack, and with induction and/or regulation of programmed cell death. Here, we addressed whether NO participates in wound responses in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.. Real-time imaging by confocal laser-scanning microscopy in conjunction with the NO-selective fluorescence indicator 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF-2 DA) uncovered a strong NO burst after wounding or after treatment with JA. The NO burst was triggered within minutes, reminiscent of the oxidative burst during hypersensitive responses. Furthermore, we were able to detect NO in plants (here induced by wounding) by means of electron paramagnetic resonance measurements using diethyldithiocarbamate as a spin trap. When plants were treated with NO, Northern analyses revealed that NO strongly induces key enzymes of jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis such as allene oxide synthase (AOS) and lipoxygenase (LOX2). On the other hand, wound-induced AOS gene expression was independent of NO. Furthermore, JA-responsive genes such as defensin (PDF1.2) were not induced, and NO induction of JA-biosynthesis enzymes did not result in elevated levels of JA. However, treatment with NO resulted in accumulation of salicylic acid (SA). In transgenic NahG plants (impaired in SA accumulation and/or signaling), NO did induce JA production and expression of JA-responsive genes. Altogether, the presented data demonstrate that wounding in Arabidopsis induces a fast accumulation of NO, and that NO may be involved in JA-associated defense responses and adjustments.Abbreviations
AOS
Allene oxide synthase
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cPTIO
Carboxy-2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazolinone-3-oxide-1-oxyl
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DAF-2 DA
4,5-Diaminofluorescein diacetate
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DETC
Diethyldithiocarbamate
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EPR
Electron paramagnetic resonance
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iNOS
Inducible nitric oxide synthase
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JA
Jasmonic acid
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JIP
Jasmonic acid-induced protein
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LOX2
Lipoxygenase 2
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NO
Nitric oxide
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OPR3
12-Oxophytodienoate reductase
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PDF1.2
Plant defensin
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ROS
Reactive oxygen species
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SA
Salicylic acid
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SNP
Sodium nitroprusside |
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Keywords: | Arabidopsis Jasmonic acid Nitric oxide Salicylic acid Wounding |
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