Mytilus trossulus hsp70 as a biomarker for arsenic exposure in the marine environment: Laboratory and real-world results

Acute renal papillary necrosis (RPN) in animals is characterized by increased renal lipid accumulation. The excretion of renal lipids into urine has been determined to evaluate their possible use as sensitive early biomarkers for the diagnosis of RPN. This study investigates injury induced by two model nephrotoxins, mefenamic acid (MFA), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), and its analogue N-phenylanthranilic acid (NPAA). Oral NPAA was given repeatedly at doses of 100, 250 and 500 mg kg^-1 daily for 5 days, followed by a 2 day respite over the weekend, and then four further daily doses. The same dosing procedure was used with MFA, but at doses of 75, 150 and 300 mgkg^-1. The control groups were given vehicle orally using the same volume given to the test groups. Urinary phospholipids (PLs), notably sphingomyelin (SPM), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), were measured and compared with other urinary parameters. Histopathological investigations were also performed to confirm the presence or absence of RPN. Following MFA treatment, PC, PI and PE were raised significantly (p < 0.001) on days 1 and 3 and for the remaining part of the experiment. After NPAA treatment, PI showed a transient elevation, and PC and PE levels were significantly increased from day 2 onwards. Both drugs caused a dose-related increase in PLs. There was no significant increase in the level of other urinary parameters. However, histopathological examination of the kidney on day 11 revealed lesions in the medulla and papilla following treatment with the two papillotoxins. These findings demonstrate the potential of urinary PLs as diagnostic non-invasive biomarkers for early renal injury associated with RPN, which may provide an important improvement in the approach to the therapeutic management of analgesic nephropathy.