Potential benefits and harms: a review of poisonous mushrooms in the world |
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| Institution: | 1. State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People''s Republic of China;2. College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, People''s Republic of China;3. State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, People''s Republic of China;4. Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita e Biologia Dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy;5. Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius;6. Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand;7. CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia (KLPB), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People''s Republic of China;8. Innovative Institute of Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510225, People''s Republic of China;9. College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huairou District, Beijing, 100408, People''s Republic of China;1. Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, F-54000 Nancy, France;2. Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRM2, F-54000 Nancy, France;1. Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia;2. Mycology and Microbiology Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia;1. Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama, Republic of Panama;2. Coiba Scientific Station (COIBA AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama, Republic of Panama;3. Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico - Río Piedras, San Juan PR, USA;4. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), Panama, Republic of Panama |
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| Abstract: | Mushrooms have long been considered as delicacies as well as used as important dietary supplements and food. However, there are major concerns with poisonous mushrooms as these pose threats to public health and safety. In this paper, we provide a review focusing on poisonous mushrooms, their toxins, symptoms and utilizations. In addition, this paper establishes a poisonous mushroom list which includes 643 species from two phyla, 16 orders, 51 families and 148 genera. The toxicity of all these species was verified and 332 species were ranked as P1 signifying that these species have toxic studies and or clinical poisoning case records and 311 species were P2 meaning they had previously been recorded as poisonous in other studies. Furthermore, we discuss advances in technology including how genomic studies could be used as a breakthrough tool in the field of toxic mushrooms. With this comprehensive review, we aim to promote public awareness of poisonous mushrooms, including how to avoid mushroom poisoning, and how to better utilize poisonous mushroom resources. |
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| Keywords: | Macrofungi wild mushrooms oral poisoning toadstool |
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