基于肠道微生态改善的益生菌抗糖尿病作用机制研究进展

2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes, T2D)会引起糖脂代谢紊乱,严重危害人类健康,为了防治这一流行病,急需寻找安全和无副作用的抗糖尿病的方法,其中,基于微生物方法治疗T2D最常见的策略是补充益生菌,其可通过对不同组织和代谢通路的调节来实现抗糖尿病的功效。益生菌摄入可通过降低慢性低度炎症,减少氧化应激,调节肠道菌群,增加短链脂肪酸含量来达到调控血糖的目的;通过增加胆固醇与胆盐的共沉淀作用,胆固醇在胃肠道内转化为粪甾醇,降低肝脏中3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶活性,降低胆固醇转运体的表达及对脂肪细胞的调节来达到降脂的目的。本综述系统总结了益生菌抗糖尿病现状和基于肠道微生态的抗糖尿病分子机制,以期为益生菌作为降糖降脂等保健产品的开发利用提供理论依据。

Anti-diabetes mechanism of probiotics based on intestinal microecology

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disorder characterized by the imbalance in the levels of blood glucose and lipid, threatening human health. Therefore, it is an urgent task to find a safe therapy with no side effects. Probiotics top the microbial therapies against T2D, which exert the anti-diabetes effect by regulating different tissues and metabolic pathways. To be specific, they modulate blood glucose by reducing chronic low-grade inflammation, alleviating oxidative stress, regulating intestinal flora, and increasing the content of short-chain fatty acids. They regulate blood lipids by enhancing the coprecipitation of cholesterol and bile salt and the transformation of cholesterol into fecal sterol in the gastrointestinal tract, reducing the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in the liver, lowering the expression of cholesterol transporter, and regulating adipocytes. In this review, we summarized the current status of probiotics against diabetes and the anti-diabetes mechanisms based on intestinal microecology, hoping to lay a theoretical basis for developing hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering products with probiotics.