Yawning,scratching, and protruded lips: Differential conditionability of natural acts in pigtail monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) |
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Authors: | Moutou Louboungou James R Anderson |
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Institution: | (1) Laboratoire de Psychophysiologie, Université Louis Pasteur, 7, rue de l'Université, 67000 Strasbourg, France |
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Abstract: | Food rewards were given contingent upon the performance of one of three natural responses in adult male pigtail macaques:
scratching, yawning, and the facial expression “protruded lips.” Scratching rapidly increased in frequency when it was followed
by food, as did variability in form of scratching and one form in particular, using the feet. The facial expression was resistant
to the conditioning procedures. Yawning increased in frequency when followed by food, with extinction and reconditioning procedures
confirming the establishment of the conditioned response. This is the first report of the conditioning of yawning in primates.
Together, the results contribute to the literature on the differential conditionability of different classes of behavior,
and suggest the possibility that macaques can voluntarily display “reflexive” acts for social goals. |
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Keywords: | Macaques Scratching Facial expressions Operant conditioning |
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