Characterization of spirolide producing Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Dinophyceae) from the western Arctic |
| |
| Institution: | 1. Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;2. Finnish Environment Institute, Marine Research Centre, Erik Palménin aukio 1, Helsinki 00560, Finland;1. Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;2. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Oceans Science, Center for Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, United States;3. Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy;4. Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, PO Box 123 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia;5. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS # 32, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States;1. Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83S, 1307, Copenhagen K, Denmark;2. Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, National Marine Information and Research Centre (NatMIRC), Swakopmund, P.O. Box 912, Namibia;3. Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, National Marine Information and Research Centre (NatMIRC), Lüderitz, PO Box 394, Shark Island, Namibia;4. Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany;5. Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark;1. Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, PO Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands;2. Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;3. Waterschap Scheldestromen, PO Box 1000, 4330 ZW Middelburg, The Netherlands;1. Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000, Nantes, France;2. Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France;1. Universität Bremen, Bibliothekstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany;2. Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;1. Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000, Helsingør, Denmark;2. Alfred-Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Chemical Ecology, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany |
| |
| Abstract: | Toxin producing dinoflagellates of the genus Alexandrium Halim represent a risk to Arctic environments and economies. This study provides the first record and a characterization of Alexandrium ostenfeldii in the western Arctic. During a cruise along the coasts of western and southern Greenland 36 isolates of the species were established in August 2012. Plankton samples taken at three different stations from the upper water layer at water temperatures of approx. 4–7 °C, contained low amounts of A. ostenfeldii. Sequencing of SSU and ITS-LSU rDNA and subsequent phylogenetic analyses identified all Greenland strains as members of a NW Atlantic spirolide producing phylogenetic clade. Molecular results were confirmed by morphological features typical for this group (=Group 5 of a recent ITS-LSU phylogeny of A. ostenfeldii). The Greenland isolates did not contain either Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning toxins or gymnodimines, but produced several spirolides. Altogether 12 different analogs were detected, of which only SPX-1, C, 20-meG and H have been described earlier. The remaining 8 spirolides have not been identified so far. Some of them were found to dominate the toxin profiles of a number of isolates. Among the 36 investigated strains spirolide composition varied considerably, particularly isolates from western Greenland (Station 516) exhibited a high diversity of analogs, with different profiles in nearly all 22 isolates. All of the 34 tested Greenland strains showed considerable lytic capacity when exposed to Rhodomonas salina. |
| |
| Keywords: | Greenland Spirolides Lytic activity |
| 本文献已被 ScienceDirect 等数据库收录！ |
|
