Genetic diversity of the harmful family Kareniaceae (Gymnodiniales,Dinophyceae) in France,with the description of Karlodinium gentienii sp. nov.: A new potentially toxic dinoflagellate |
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| Affiliation: | 2. IFREMER, Centre de Bretagne, DYNECO/Pelagos, BP 70, F-29280 Plouzané, France;3. Sorbonne Universities, Pierre et Marie Curie University (Paris 06), UMR 7144, Marine Phototrophic Prokaryotes Group, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29688 Roscoff Cedex, France;4. Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7144, Marine Phototrophic Prokaryotes Group, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 Roscoff Cedex, France;5. Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Station de Biologie Marine, BP 225, F-29182 Concarneau Cedex, France;6. Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, Fr 2424, Plate-forme Merimagerie, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 Roscoff Cedex, France;1. Department of Natural History Sciences, Graduate school of Science, Hokkaido University, North 10, West 8, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan;2. National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan;3. Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan;4. Department of Biology, Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;5. Department of Natural History Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North 10, West 8, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan;1. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;2. Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea;3. Brain Korea 21, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;1. Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan;2. Kochi Prefectural Fisheries Experiment Station, Susaki, Kochi 785-0167, Japan;3. Kochi Prefectural Freshwater Fisheries Center, Kami, Kochi 782-0016, Japan;4. Aquaculture and Environment Section, Fisheries Research Division, Oita Prefectural Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Center, Saiki, Oita 879-2602, Japan;5. National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan;6. Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan;1. Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Xiamen, 361005, China;2. College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China;3. Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia;4. School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, OEASB A405, P. O. Box 1700 16 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada;5. Ifremer, LER BO, Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croix, BP40537, F-29185 Concarneau Cedex, France;1. Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje, 656-830, Republic of Korea;2. Faculty of Marine Technology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, Republic of Korea;3. Ifremer, LER BO, Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croix, BP40537, F-29185 Concarneau Cedex, France;4. Marine Ecology Research Center, Yeosu, 59697, Republic of Korea;5. Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, 361005, China;6. National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 619-705, Republic of Korea;7. Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1, Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka City, 535-8585, Japan;8. Institute for East China Sea Research, Nagasaki University, 1551-7, Taira-machi, 851-2213, Nagasaki City, Japan |
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| Abstract: | The family Kareniaceae is mostly known in France for recurrent blooms of Karenia mikimotoi in the Atlantic, English Channel, and Mediterranean Sea and for the unusual green discoloration in the saltwater lagoon of Diana (Corsica) caused by Karlodinium corsicum in April 1994. In terms of diversity, this taxonomic group was long overlooked owing to the difficult identification of these small unarmored dinoflagellates. In this study, thanks to the molecular characterization performed on single cells from field samples and cultures, twelve taxonomic units were assigned to the known genera Karenia, Karlodinium and Takayama, whereas one could not be affiliated to any described genus. The molecular phylogeny inferred from the D1–D2 region of the LSU rDNA showed that five of them formed a sister taxon of a known species, and could not be identified at species-level, on the basis of molecular analysis only. Among these latter taxa, one Karlodinium which was successfully cultured was investigated by studying the external morphological features (using two procedures for cells fixation), ultrastructure, pigment composition, and haemolytic activity. The results of our analyses corroborate the genetic results in favour of the erection of Karlodinium gentienii sp. nov., which possesses an internal complex system of trichocysts connected to external micro-processes particularly abundant in the epicone, and a peculiar pigment composition. In addition, preliminary assays showed a haemolytic activity. |
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| Keywords: | Genetic diversity Haemolytic Kareniaceae Pigments Single cell Taxonomy |
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