Effects of nicosulfuron on the abundance and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi used as indicators of pesticide soil microbial toxicity |
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| Institution: | 1. University of Thessaly, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ploutonos 26 and Aeolou Street, 41221 Larisa, Greece;2. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Agriculture Laboratory of Pesticide Science, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;3. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Agriculture, Laboratory of Soil Science, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;4. INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, BP 86510, F-21065 Dijon Cedex, France;5. Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia;6. University of NoviSad, Faculty of Agriculture, Sr-Novi-Sad, Serbia;7. Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Soil Biology Section, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 27, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany;1. IFEVA, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires, CONICET, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires C1417DSE, Argentina;2. Instituto Spegazzini, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Museum, National University of La Plata, Av. 53 No 477, La Plata B1900AVJ, Argentina;3. CICPBA, Argentina;1. University of Thessaly, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Lab of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, 41500 Larissa, Greece;2. Agricultural Research Institute of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus;1. Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic;2. Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, Hroznová 2, Brno, 656 06, Czech Republic;1. Departamento de Micologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. da Engenharia s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-600, Recife, PE, Brazil;2. Agroscope, Competence Division of Plants and Plant Products, Ecotoxicology, Schloss 1, CH-8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland;3. Embrapa Cerrados, BR 020-km 18, Brasilia 73310-970, DF, Brazil;4. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria;5. Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Campus de Ciências Agrárias, Rodovia BR 407, Km 12, Lote 543, Projeto de Irrigação Nilo Coelho “C1” s/n, 56300-990, Petrolina, PE, Brazil;1. Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology in South Minas Gerais, Campus Inconfidentes, MG, Brazil;2. University of São Paulo, ESALQ. Department of Soil Science, SP, Brazil;3. Federal University of Ceará, Soil Science Department, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil;4. Regional University of Blumenau – FURB, Department of Natural Sciences, Blumenau, SC, Brazil;5. Santa Catarina State University, UDESC Oeste. Department of Animal Science, SC, Brazil;6. Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology in Bahia, Campus Uruçuca, BA, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | The key role of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in maintaining soil fertility and ecosystem functioning and their general sensitivity to pesticides make them good candidate bioindicators in pesticide soil microbial toxicity assessment. We investigated the impact of the herbicide nicosulfuron on mycorrhizal colonization and community structure of AM fungi via a pot-to-field experimental approach. This allowed the assessment of nicosulfuron toxicity (i) at extreme exposure schemes (pot experiment, Tier I) invoked by the repeated application of a range of dose rates (x0, x10, x100, x1000 the recommended dose) and (ii) under realistic exposure scenarios (x0, x1, x2, x5 the recommended dose) in the field (Tier II). In the pot experiment, the x100 and x1000 dose rates significantly reduced plant biomass, mycorrhizal colonization and AM fungal richness as determined by DGGE. This coincided with the progressive accumulation of herbicide concentrations in soil. In contrast, no effects on AM fungi were observed at the nicosulfuron dose rates tested in the field. Clone libraries showed that the majority of AM fungi belonged to the Glomus group and were sensitive to the high levels of nicosulfuron accumulated in soil at the latter culture cycles. In contrast, a Paraglomeraceae and a Glomus etunicatum ribotype were present in maize roots in all cycles and dose rates implying a tolerance to nicosulfuron-induced stress. Overall, the deleterious effects of nicosulfuron on AM fungi induced by the highest dose rates in the pot experiment could be attributed either to fungal-driven toxicity or to plant-driven effects which have subsequent implications for mycorrhizal symbiosis. We suggest that the tiered pot-to-field experimental approach followed in our study combined with classic and standardized molecular tools could provide a realistic assessment of the toxicity of pesticides onto AM fungi as potential bioindicators. |
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| Keywords: | Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Pesticides Soil microbial ecotoxicity DGGE Colonization |
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