The role of pH1 and buffer capacity in the recovery of function of smooth muscle cooled to −13 °C in unfrozen media

It has often been suggested that pH changes may be implicated in the injury sustained by biological systems during cooling. This particular mechanism of cryoinjury, however, has received little attention undoubtedly because of the difficulties encountered in making accurate pH measurements at low temperatures.New pH1 scales established for some mixtures of dimethyl sulfoxide and water at low temperatures are used in this study to assess the effect of pH1 and buffering ability upon the integrity of mammalian smooth muscle stored at ?13 °C in a variety of unfrozen solutions containing 30% ($\text{w}\text{v}$) Me₂SO. Smooth muscle, as a component of every organ, is a good model tissue intermediate between cells and organs. Furthermore, its overall function is conveniently tested by measuring isometric contractile responses to the drug histamine. In this way the function of strips of guinea pig taenia coli were examined at 37 °C before and after storage at ?13 °C in potassiumrich media containing a variety of zwitterionic buffers. Functional recovery depends markedly on the pH1 with a welldefined optimum at the surprisingly high pH1_?13 of 9.2. In medium containing TES buffer, which has a maximum buffer capacity at pH1_?13= 8.6, the cooled muscles recover 50% of their control contractility but in medium containing the buffer Tricine, which has a maximum capacity at the optimum pH1 for recovery, the contractile response upon rewarming improves to 70%.These data are the first to quantify the effect of pH in cryopreservation on a sound theoretical basis and some of the possible underlying mechanisms are discussed.