Heparin binds to the laminin alpha4 chain LG4 domain at a site different from that found for other laminins

We previously reported that the LG4 domain of the laminin alpha4 chain is responsible for high-affinity heparin binding. To specify the amino acid residues involved in this activity, we produced a series of alpha4 LG4-fusion proteins in which each of the 27 basic residues (arginine, R; histidine; lysine, K) were replaced one by one with alanine (A). When the effective residues R1520A, K1531A, K1533A, and K1539A are mapped on a structural model, they form a track on the concave surface of the beta-sandwich, suggesting that they interact with adjacent sulfate groups along the heparin chain. Whereas low-affinity heparin-binding sites of other LG domains have been located at the top of the beta-sheet sandwich opposite the N and C termini, the residues for high-affinity heparin binding of alpha4 LG4 reveal a new topological area of the LG module.