The Dlx genes as clues to vertebrate genomics and craniofacial evolution |
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| Institution: | 1. Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojimaminami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan;2. Division of Human Embryology, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, Iwate 028-3694, Japan;3. Genome Resource and Analysis Unit, Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojimaminami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan;1. Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan;2. Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Saitama, 337-5780, Japan;3. Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan;4. Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan;5. Department of Cellular Physiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan;6. Center for Information and Neural Networks, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan;7. Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan;1. Molecular Breeding and Biodiversity Group, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag XI, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa;2. Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Fisheries Research, Rogge Bay, South Africa;3. Oceans Research, 12 Meyer Street, Mossel Bay 6500, South Africa;4. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa;5. Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa;1. Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 23-10, Dawen Road, Jiaoxi, Yilan 26242, Taiwan;2. Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan;1. Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;2. Mammalian Development Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima 411-8540, Japan;3. Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, NCI-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;1. Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States;2. Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, United States;3. Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States |
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| Abstract: | The group of Dlx genes belongs to the homeobox-containing superfamily, and its members are involved in various morphogenetic processes. In vertebrate genomes, Dlx genes exist as multiple paralogues generated by tandem duplication followed by whole genome duplications. In this review, we provide an overview of the Dlx gene phylogeny with an emphasis on the chordate lineage. Referring to the Dlx gene repertoire, we discuss the establishment and conservation of the nested expression patterns of the Dlx genes in craniofacial development. Despite the accumulating genomic sequence resources in diverse vertebrates, embryological analyses of Dlx gene expression and function remain limited in terms of species diversity. By supplementing our original analysis of shark embryos with previous data from other osteichthyans, such as mice and zebrafish, we support the previous speculation that the nested Dlx expression in the pharyngeal arch is likely a shared feature among all the extant jawed vertebrates. Here, we highlight several hitherto unaddressed issues regarding the evolution and function of Dlx genes, with special reference to the craniofacial development of vertebrates. |
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