微生物有机酸转运蛋白的研究进展

转运蛋白是一类膜蛋白，可介导生物膜内外化学物质的跨膜转运及信号交换。有机酸转运蛋白在微生物有机酸代谢的跨膜转运过程中发挥重要作用，根据转运蛋白有机酸转运的方向不同可以分为摄取转运蛋白和外排转运蛋白。在微生物代谢中，有些有机酸可以作为能源直接参与体内代谢，有些是能量转换过程中的重要中间产物；摄取转运蛋白的过表达，可以促进微生物细胞获取能源物质，高效的生产目标产物；有机酸摄取转运蛋白敲除或外排转运蛋白表达，有利于底盘细胞外排更多目标产物，进而促进有机酸的生物合成。研究有机酸转运蛋白的结构和功能，有助于解析微生物细胞有机酸生物合成及利用的机制，对于提高工业微生物对有机酸的利用及生物合成具有重要作用。本文综述了微生物有机酸转运蛋白分类和结构、转运方式和转运功能等方面，重点综述了转运蛋白在有机酸生产中的应用，为工业微生物有机酸的高效生物合成及未来发展提供参考。

Organic acid transporters in microorganisms

Transporters are membrane proteins that mediate the transmembrane transport and signal exchange of chemicals inside and outside the biological membrane. Organic acid transporters play a key role in the transmembrane transport of microbial organic acid metabolism. They can be classified into uptake transporters and efflux transporters according to the different directions of organic acid transport. In microbial metabolism, some organic acids can directly participate in the metabolism as energy, and some are important intermediates in energy conversion. The overexpression of uptake transporters promotes the absorbance of energy substances and increases the yield of target products in microorganisms. The knockout of uptake transporters or the overexpression of efflux transporters contributes to the efflux of target products from chassis cells and thus promotes the biosynthesis of organic acids. Studying the structures and functions of organic acid transporters helps to decipher the mechanism of organic acid biosynthesis and utilization in microbial cells, which is of great significance for improving the utilization and biosynthesis of organic acids in industrial microorganisms. This paper introduces the classification, structures, transport modes, and transport functions of organic acid transporters in microorganisms and the application of these transporters in organic acid production. It provides references for the efficient biosynthesis and future development of organic acids in industrial microorganisms.