Environmental regulation and physiological basis of freezing tolerance in woody plants

Cold acclimation of plants is a complex process involving a number of biochemical and physiological changes. The ability to cold acclimate is under genetic control. The development of freezing tolerance in woody plants is generally triggered by non-freezing low temperatures but can also be induced by mild drought or exogenous abscisic acid, as well as by short photoperiod. In nature, the extreme freezing tolerance of woody plants is achieved during sequential stages of cold acclimation the first of which is initiated by short photoperiods and non-freezing low temperatures, and the second by freezing temperatures. Although recent breakthroughs have increased our knowledge on the physiological molecular basis of freezing tolerance in herbaceous species, which acclimate primarily in response to non-freezing low temperatures, very little is known about cold acclimation of woody plants. This article attempts to review our current understanding of the physiological aspects that underline cold acclimation in woody plants.