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Plant and algal cell walls: diversity and functionality
Authors:Zo? A. Popper  Marie-Christine Ralet  David S. Domozych
Affiliation:1.Botany and Plant Science and The Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland;2.INRA, UR 1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, Nantes, France;3.Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
Abstract:

Background

Although plants and many algae (e.g. the Phaeophyceae, brown, and Rhodophyceae, red) are only very distantly related they are united in their possession of carbohydrate-rich cell walls, which are of integral importance being involved in many physiological processes. Furthermore, wall components have applications within food, fuel, pharmaceuticals, fibres (e.g. for textiles and paper) and building materials and have long been an active topic of research. As shown in the 27 papers in this Special Issue, as the major deposit of photosynthetically fixed carbon, and therefore energy investment, cell walls are of undisputed importance to the organisms that possess them, the photosynthetic eukaryotes (plants and algae). The complexities of cell wall components along with their interactions with the biotic and abiotic environment are becoming increasingly revealed.

Scope

The importance of plant and algal cell walls and their individual components to the function and survival of the organism, and for a number of industrial applications, are illustrated by the breadth of topics covered in this issue, which includes papers concentrating on various plants and algae, developmental stages, organs, cell wall components, and techniques. Although we acknowledge that there are many alternative ways in which the papers could be categorized (and many would fit within several topics), we have organized them as follows: (1) cell wall biosynthesis and remodelling, (2) cell wall diversity, and (3) application of new technologies to cell walls. Finally, we will consider future directions within plant cell wall research. Expansion of the industrial uses of cell walls and potentially novel uses of cell wall components are both avenues likely to direct future research activities. Fundamentally, it is the continued progression from characterization (structure, metabolism, properties and localization) of individual cell wall components through to defining their roles in almost every aspect of plant and algal physiology that will present many of the major challenges in future cell wall research.
Keywords:Arabidopsis thaliana   arabinogalactan protein   callose   cellulose synthase   cell wall   Ceratopteris richardii   C-Fern   extracellular matrix   Fucales   glucuronoarabinoxylan   glycoprotein   haustoria   hyaline bodies   Miscanthus   mixed-linkage glucan   Orobanchaceae   pectin   pectin methylesterase   Penium margaritaceum   pollen   ripening   root   rhamnogalacturonan I   rhamnogalacturonan II   seed coat   xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase   Zea mays
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