In vivo real-time measurement of superoxide anion radical with a novel electrochemical sensor |
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Authors: | Motoki Fujita Ryosuke Tsuruta Shunji Kasaoka Kenji Fujimoto Ryo Tanaka Yasutaka Oda Masahiro Nanba Masatsugu Igarashi Makoto Yuasa Toshikazu Yoshikawa Tsuyoshi Maekawa |
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Institution: | aAdvanced Medical Emergency and Critical Care Center, Yamaguchi University Hospital, Ube 755-8505, Japan;bDepartment of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan;cFirst Department of Internal Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan |
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Abstract: | The dynamics of superoxide anion (O2 −) in vivo remain to be clarified because no appropriate method exists to directly and continuously monitor and evaluate O2 − in vivo. Here, we establish an in vivo method using a novel electrochemical O2 − sensor. O2 − generated is measured as a current and evaluated as a quantified partial value of electricity (Qpart), which is calculated by integration of the difference between the baseline and the actual reacted current. The accuracy and efficacy of this method were confirmed by dose-dependent O2 − generation in xanthine–xanthine oxidase in vitro in phosphate-buffered saline and human blood. It was then applied to endotoxemic rats in vivo. O2 − current began to increase 1 h after lipopolysaccharide, and Qpart increased significantly for 6 h in endotoxemic rats, in comparison to sham-treated rats. These values were attenuated by superoxide dismutase. The generation and attenuation of O2 − were indirectly confirmed by plasma lipid peroxidation with malondialdehyde, endothelial injury with soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and microcirculatory dysfunction. This is a novel method for measuring O2 − in vivo and could be used to monitor and treat the pathophysiology caused by excessive O2 − generation in animals and humans. |
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Keywords: | Superoxide anion radical Electrochemical sensor Superoxide dismutase Endotoxemia Malondialdehyde Free radicals |
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