Rhythmic birds show a better social integration than arrhythmic birds

The activity rhythms of Japanese quail vary from one individual to another. Performing a divergent selection, we obtained one line of quail expressing a robust circadian rhythmicity of feeding activity (R) and one line of quail expressing circadian arrhythmicity of feeding activity (A). We questioned whether the endogenous rhythmicity of an individual could predict its integration in a group. For that, we introduced either an R- or an A-line chick into stable groups of standard chicks. First, we evaluated proximity and synchronization of the introduced chicks on the activities of the other group members. R-chicks remained spatially and temporally closer to other group members than did A-chicks. Second, we evaluated interactions of the introduced chicks and the level of their acceptance by the other group members. R-chicks were more competent to gain access to food than were A-chicks, and separation from their group stressed R-chicks more than A-chicks. Last, successive introductions assessed age effects: before, around, and after dispersal time (～11th day of chicks' life). Most differences between R- and A-chicks were observed between their 7th and 15th day of life. In conclusion, individual endogenous rhythms predict social integration.