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A New Heterotrophic Dinoflagellate from the North‐eastern Pacific,Protoperidinium fukuyoi: Cyst–Theca Relationship,Phylogeny, Distribution and Ecology
Authors:Kenneth N. Mertens  Aika Yamaguchi  Yoshihito Takano  Vera Pospelova  Martin J. Head  Taoufik Radi  Anna J. Pieńkowski  Anne de Vernal  Hisae Kawami  Kazumi Matsuoka
Affiliation:1. Research Unit for Palaeontology, Ghent University, , 9000 Ghent, Belgium;2. Okinawa Institution of Science and Technology, , Okinawa, 904‐0412 Japan;3. Kobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, , Kobe, 657‐8501 Japan;4. Institute for East China Sea Research (ECSER), , Nagasaki, 852‐8521 Japan;5. School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, OEASB A405, , Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2 Canada;6. Department of Earth Sciences, Brock University, , St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1 Canada;7. GEOTOP, Université du Québec à Montréal, , Montréal, Qubec, H3C 3P8 Canada;8. School of Ocean Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, , Anglesey, LL59 5AB United Kingdom
Abstract:
The cyst–theca relationship of Protoperidinium fukuyoi n. sp. (Dinoflagellata, Protoperidiniaceae) is established by incubating resting cysts from estuarine sediments off southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, and San Pedro Harbor, California, USA. The cysts have a brown‐coloured wall, and are characterized by a saphopylic archeopyle comprising three apical plates, the apical pore plate and canal plate; and acuminate processes typically arranged in linear clusters. We elucidate the phylogenetic relationship of P. fukuyoi through large and small subunit (LSU and SSU) rDNA sequences, and also report the SSU of the cyst‐defined species Islandinium minutum (Harland & Reid) Head et al. 2001. Molecular phylogenetic analysis by SSU rDNA shows that both species are closely related to Protoperidinium americanum (Gran & Braarud 1935) Balech 1974. Large subunit rDNA phylogeny also supports a close relationship between P. fukuyoi and P. americanum. Three subgroups in total are further characterized within the Monovela group. The cyst of P. fukuyoi shows a wide geographical range along the coastal tropical to temperate areas of the North‐east Pacific, its distribution reflecting optimal summer sea‐surface temperatures of ~14–18 °C and salinities of 22–34 psu.
Keywords:LSU rDNA  round spiny brown cyst  Saanich Inlet  San Pedro Harbor  single‐cell PCR  SSU rDNA  Strait of Georgia
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