Cellular mechanobiology of the intervertebral disc: New directions and approaches |
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| Authors: | Adam H Hsieh Julianne D Twomey |
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| Institution: | 1. AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos, Switzerland;2. Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China;3. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China;1. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, 1611 W Harrison St, Suite 300, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;2. Department of Orthopedics, Wuhan Pu''Ai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 473 Hanzheng St, Wuhan 430033, China;3. College of Pharmacy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Rd, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA;4. University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, 1 Illini Dr, Peoria, IL 61605, USA;5. Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Section 2, Shipai Rd, Beitou District, Taipei City 112, Taiwan;6. School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Linong St, Taipei City 112, Taiwan;7. Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 W. Harrison St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA |
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| Abstract: | The more we learn about the intervertebral disc (IVD), the more we come to appreciate the intricacies involved in transmission of forces through the ECM to the cell, and in the biological determinants of its response to mechanical stress. This review highlights recent developments in our knowledge of IVD physiology and examines their impact on cellular mechanobiology. Discussion centers around the continually evolving cellular and microstructural anatomy of the nucleus pulposus (NP) and the annulus fibrosus (AF) in response to complex stresses generated in support of axial load and spinal motion. Particular attention has been given to cells from the immature NP and the interlamellar AF, and assessment of their potential mechanobiologic contributions to the health and function of the IVD. In addition, several innovative approaches that have been brought to bear on studying the interplay between disc cells and their micromechanical environment are discussed. Techniques for “engineering” cellular function and technologies for fabricating more structurally defined biomaterial scaffolds have recently been employed in disc research. Such tools can be used to elucidate the biological and physical mechanisms by which different IVD cell populations are regulated by mechanical stress, and contribute to advancement of preventative and therapeutic measures. |
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