Reproduction of wild Japanese macaque females of Yakushima and Kinkazan Islands: A preliminary report |
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| Authors: | Yukio Takahata Shigeru Suzuki Naoki Agetsuma Naobi Okayasu Hideki Sugiura Hiroyuki Takahashi Juichi Yamagiwa Kosei Izawa Takeshi Furuichi David A Hill Tamaki Maruhashi Chiemi Saito Shizue Saito David S Sprague |
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| Institution: | (1) University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba;(2) Present address: Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, 669-1337 Hyogo, Japan;(3) Present address: Kyoto University, 606-8224 Kyoto, Japan;(4) Present address: Akita University of Economics and Law, Shimokitate-Sakura, 010-0058 Akita, Japan;(5) Present address: Miyagi University of Education, 980-0845 Miyagi, Japan;(6) Present address: Meiji Gakuin University, Kamikurata, Totsuka, 244-0816 Yokohama, Japan;(7) Present address: University of Sussex, Folmer, BN1 9QG Brighton, East Sussex, England;(8) Present address: Musashi University, 176-0011 Nerima, Tokyo, Japan;(9) Present address: Japan Wildlife Research Center, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0034 Tokyo, Japan;(10) Present address: Makki International College, Aoba, 980-0813 Sendai, Miyagi, Japan;(11) Present address: Rural Ecosystem Dynamics Laboratory, National Institute of Agro-environmental Sciences, 305-0856 Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan |
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| Abstract: | Wild Japanese macaque females of the Yakushima and Kinkazan populations exhibited similar reproductive features. (1) Births/female/year
(BR: 0.27–0.35) was lower than those of provisioned troops, but (2) infant mortality (IM: 0.23–0.25) was higher than those
of provisioned troops. (3) The interbirth interval (IBI) following the death of infants was 1.5–1.6 years, shorter than that
following surviving infants (2.2–2.4 yrs). (4) Birth sex ratio (BSR) did not differ from 1∶1. There was no consistent correlation
between (5) female age and IM, (6) maternal rank and offspring BSR, or (7) maternal rank and reproductive success. On the
other hand, (8) BR of Yakushima females was significantly lower than that of Kinkazan females. In particular, (9) Yakushima
females stopped reproduction earlier than Kinkazan females, although (10) the first birth of Yakushima females was about one
year earlier than Kinkazan females. (11) BR exhibited a humped curve against female age in Yakushima, but it was uncertain
whether old-aged females of Kinkazan exhibited a post-reproductive life span (PRLS). (12) The survivorship for female juveniles
was lower than that for male juveniles in Yakushima, whereas the survivorship for male juveniles was lower than that for female
juveniles in Kinkazan. These data may indicate that Yakushima females more severely compete for resources than Kinkazan females,
because of high population density, whereas the population density of Kinkazan might be limited by climate (e.g. heavy snow)
rather than density dependent ecological effects. |
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| Keywords: | Macaca fuscata fuscata M f yakui Birth rate Interbirth interval Infant mortality Survival curve |
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