21世纪以来陕西生态足迹和承载力变化

采用修正后的生态足迹模型测算了2000—2012年陕西省生态足迹和生态承载力。修正的工作主要体现在增加了包括废气、废水和固体废弃物科目的污染排放账户,确定了同全球平均产量表科目有差异、但能体现陕西地域特点的板栗、核桃、禽蛋、蚕茧、花椒、棕片及生漆7个科目的全球平均产量,并且测算了对应的生态足迹。结果显示,21世纪以来陕西省人均生态足迹从1.300 hm~2/人增加到3.077 hm~2/人,人均生态赤字由0.374 hm~2/人增加到2.176 hm~2/人,人均生态承载力从0.926 hm~2/人减少到0.901 hm~2/人。这些数据表明陕西已处于生态超载的状态,且有逐步加剧的趋势。万元GDP生态足迹由2.626 hm~2/万元减少到0.799 hm~2/万元,表明全省资源利用率正逐步提高,经济发展能力持续向好。这一观点从发展能力指数由3.191增加到6.842也可得到验证。陕西省生态足迹值的上升和生态承载力的下降导致了生态赤字的增加。究其原因,第一,陕北能源重化工产业的发展对煤、石油等矿物能源消耗加速;第二,关中城市群中城镇人口聚集、工业企业发展等带来的污染排放增速过快;第三,陕南矿物资源开采伴生的生态环境破坏加剧。为此,陕西省应把生态承载力作为推进新型城镇化、承接产业转移和规范产业发展的重要依据,严格控制省内地级市以上主城区人口数量,提高县城和重点镇的人口城市化率,把重点镇建设和避灾扶贫移民有机结合起来,建立能源重化工、矿物开采等行业门槛,执行节能减排目标机制。

The 21st century ecological carrying capacity and footprint in Shaanxi Province

This paper reviews the ecological footprint model and expands the model to calculate the ecological footprint and carrying capacity of Shaanxi Province in 2000 and 2012. It is known that increased pollution emissions, including waste gases, wastewater, and solid wastes, affect ecological footprints. We determined the tons of chestnut and walnut, poultry eggs, silkworm cocoons, pepper, palm sheet and lacquer. We compared the numbers of these biological subjects in Shaanxi Province with the global averages. From 2000 to 2012, the per capita ecological footprint increased from 1.300 hm²/cap to 3.077 hm²/cap the per capita ecological deficit increased from 0.374 hm²/cap to 2.176 hm²/cap, and the per capita ecological carrying capacity decreased from 0.926 hm²/cap to 0.901 hm²/cap. Our data indicate that the ecological environment in Shaanxi Province was overloaded, and that the supply and demand of ecological goods from Shaanxi Province increased during 2000-2012. The ecological footprint for 10000 Yuan GDP decreased from 2.626 hm²/10000 Yuan to 0.799 hm²/10000 Yuan. This indicated that Shaanxi Province''s resource use and economic development capacity improved. The increase in the development capacity index from 3.191 to 6.842 also supports this. These data suggest that the ecological development capacity of Shaanxi Province continues to improve. The decrease in the ecological footprint and rise of ecological carrying capacity of Shaanxi Province contributes to an ecological deficit. The development of energy and heavy chemical industries in northern Shaanxi means that the consumption of coal, oil, and other fossil fuels is accelerating. The urban population is increasing because of the development of industrial enterprises and this improves the local economy. However, it also causes heavy pollution in the area. Mineral resource mining destroys ecological habitats in southern Shaanxi. The exploitation of mineral resources has aggravated environmental pollution and ecological destruction, and the need for sustainable development is great. To solve these problems, the ecological carrying capacity should form the basis for new urbanization by relocating industries and regulating industrial development. Shaanxi Province should strictly control the population outside the urban areas of prefectural-level cities to comply with the existing urban scale. In addition, it is important to consider expanding urban city spaces to adapt to the growing population scale and increase the urbanization rate of key towns. Local governments should establish threshold limits on energy and heavy chemical and mining industries, and implement strategies for energy conservation to ensure that reduced emissions targets are met. In this manner, Shaanxi Province will be able to grow in a sustainable way.