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Predicting Biological Invasions
Authors:Tina Heger  Ludwig Trepl
Affiliation:1. Department of Ecology, Landscape Ecology, Technische Universit?t München, Am Hochanger 6, 85350, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
Abstract:There are various approaches to explain the mechanisms of biological invasions. It is possible (1) to focus on the characteristics of invading species and (2) on those of the ecosystems invaded, (3) to investigate the relationship between these two factors (key–lock approach), or (4) to differentiate the invasion process in time. Each of these approaches may serve to improve the understanding of some aspects of biological invasions, and each of them is in some way suitable for the purpose of predicting invasions. We discuss the usefulness and the limitations of these approaches, focusing on case studies from central Europe. An example of the fourth approach, a model of steps and stages of plant invasions that describes the invasion process in greater detail, illustrates some general limitations in predicting biological invasions. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.
Keywords:Characteristics of plants  definition  invasibility  invasion models  invasion theory  invasiveness  model of steps and stages  plant invasions  prediction
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