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Spatial heterogeneity in species composition constrains plant community responses to herbivory and fertilisation
Authors:Dorothee Hodapp  Elizabeth T Borer  W Stanley Harpole  Eric M Lind  Eric W Seabloom  Peter B Adler  Juan Alberti  Carlos A Arnillas  Jonathan D Bakker  Lori Biederman  Marc Cadotte  Elsa E Cleland  Scott Collins  Philip A Fay  Jennifer Firn  Nicole Hagenah  Yann Hautier  Oscar Iribarne  Johannes M H Knops  Rebecca L McCulley  Andrew MacDougall  Joslin L Moore  John W Morgan  Brent Mortensen  Kimberly J La Pierre  Anita C Risch  Martin Schütz  Pablo Peri  Carly J Stevens  Justin Wright  Helmut Hillebrand
Institution:1. Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB), Oldenburg, Germany;2. Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA;3. Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany;4. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany;5. Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany;6. Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA;7. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC;8. UNMDP‐CONICET), Argentina;9. Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Scarborough, ON, Canada;10. School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA;11. Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA;12. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto‐Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada;13. Ecology Behavior & Evolution Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA;14. Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA;15. USDA‐ARS Grassland, Soil, and Water Lab, Temple, TX, USA;16. Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering Faculty, Brisbane, QLD, Australia;17. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa;18. Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands;19. School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA;20. Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA;21. Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada;22. School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, VIC, Australia;23. Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia;24. Department of Biology, Benedictine College, Atchison, KS, USA;25. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA;26. Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland;27. Department of Forestry, Agriculture and Water, Southern Patagonia National University‐INTA‐CONICET, Santa Cruz, Patagonia, Argentina;28. Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK;29. Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA;30. Plankton Ecology Lab, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
Abstract:Environmental change can result in substantial shifts in community composition. The associated immigration and extinction events are likely constrained by the spatial distribution of species. Still, studies on environmental change typically quantify biotic responses at single spatial (time series within a single plot) or temporal (spatial beta diversity at single time points) scales, ignoring their potential interdependence. Here, we use data from a global network of grassland experiments to determine how turnover responses to two major forms of environmental change – fertilisation and herbivore loss – are affected by species pool size and spatial compositional heterogeneity. Fertilisation led to higher rates of local extinction, whereas turnover in herbivore exclusion plots was driven by species replacement. Overall, sites with more spatially heterogeneous composition showed significantly higher rates of annual turnover, independent of species pool size and treatment. Taking into account spatial biodiversity aspects will therefore improve our understanding of consequences of global and anthropogenic change on community dynamics.
Keywords:Beta diversity  diversity  fertilisation  grassland  nitrogen  Nutrient Network (NutNet)  spatial heterogeneity  species composition  temporal turnover
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