A Dual Interaction between the DNA Damage Response Protein MDC1 and the RAG1 Subunit of the V(D)J Recombinase

The first step in V(D)J recombination is the formation of specific DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by the RAG1 and RAG2 proteins, which form the RAG recombinase. DSBs activate a complex network of proteins termed the DNA damage response (DDR). A key early event in the DDR is the phosphorylation of histone H2AX around DSBs, which forms a binding site for the tandem BRCA1 C-terminal (tBRCT) domain of MDC1. This event is required for subsequent signal amplification and recruitment of additional DDR proteins to the break site. RAG1 bears a histone H2AX-like motif at its C terminus (R1Ct), making it a putative MDC1-binding protein. In this work we show that the tBRCT domain of MDC1 binds the R1Ct motif of RAG1. Surprisingly, we also observed a second binding interface between the two proteins that involves the Proline-Serine-Threonine rich (PST) repeats of MDC1 and the N-terminal non-core region of RAG1 (R1Nt). The repeats-R1Nt interaction is constitutive, whereas the tBRCT-R1Ct interaction likely requires phosphorylation of the R1Ct motif of RAG1. As the C terminus of RAG1 has been implicated in inhibition of RAG activity, we propose a model in which phosphorylation of the R1Ct motif of RAG1 functions as a self-initiated regulatory signal.