The influence of mistletoes on nutrient cycling in a semi-arid savanna, southwest Zimbabwe

Parasitic plants are increasingly becoming the focus of research in many ecosystems. They have been shown to alter litterfall properties and decomposition rates in environments where they occur. Despite this recognition, the role of mistletoes in nutrient cycling in semi-arid savanna remains poorly understood. We investigated the litter input, element returns, and associated below-canopy soil nutrient concentrations of three mistletoe species (Erianthemum ngamicum, Plicosepalus kalachariensis, and Viscum verrucosum) that parasitize Acacia karroo trees in a semi-arid savanna, southwest Zimbabwe. Element concentrations in mistletoe leaf litter were enriched relative to the host. Litterfall from mistletoes significantly increased overall litterfall by up to 173 %, with E. ngamicum and P. kalachariensis having greater litterfall than their host trees. Associated with these changes in litterfall was an increase in element returns and the below-canopy soil nutrient concentrations. The increase in nutrient returns was due to both the effect of enriched mistletoe litter and increased volumes of litterfall beneath host trees. Litterfall, element returns, and the below-canopy soil nutrient concentrations were significantly influenced by mistletoe density, with higher values at high mistletoe density. Overall, E. ngamicum and P. kalachariensis had greater influence on litterfall, element returns, and soil nutrient concentrations than V. verrucosum. These findings are consistent with current understanding of enhanced nutrient cycling in the presence of parasitic plants particularly in nutrient-poor ecosystems. We conclude that the introduction of nutrients and associated increase in resource heterogeneity play an important role in determining ecosystem structure and function in semi-arid savannas.