Effects of nationwide addition of selenium to fertilizers on foods,and animal and human health in Finland: From deficiency to optimal selenium status of the population |
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| Affiliation: | 1. National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland;2. MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Jokioinen, Finland;3. Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki,, Finland;4. Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Helsinki, Finland;5. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Helsinki, Finland;1. Programa de Pós-Gradução em Ciências Da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina – FAMED, Rua Visconde de Paranaguá, 102, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil;2. Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacológicos e Toxicológicos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB Universidade Federal do do Rio Grande – FURG, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;3. Avenida Itália, km 8, 96203-900 Campus Carreiros Rio Grande, RS, Brazil;1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648-9757, USA;2. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada;3. Department of Biology, California State University Fresno, Fresno, CA 93740, USA;4. Intrinsyx Technologies Corporation, Space Bio-Sciences Division, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA;1. Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden;2. International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh;3. Department of Women''s and Children''s Health, International Maternal and Child Health, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden;1. Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;2. Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG 37200-000, Brazil;3. Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belo Horizonte, MG 30140-130, Brazil;4. Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;1. Department of Pathology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum 695011, Kerala, India;2. Radiation Chemistry Section, Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India;1. Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Kyrkjevegen 332-334, 4325 Sandnes, Norway;2. Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Department of Laboratory Services, Postbox 750 Sentrum, NO-0106 Oslo, Norway;3. Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Department of Health Surveillance, Postbox 750 Sentrum, NO-0106 Oslo, Norway |
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| Abstract: | ![]()
Despite different geological features the Nordic countries are generally selenium-poor areas. In each country various factors such as food importation and life-style determine the selenium (Se) intake. Due to an extremely low Se intake in the 1970s in Finland, 0.025 mg/day, an official decision was made in 1984 to supplement multinutrient fertilizers with Se in the chemical form of sodium selenate. Almost all fertilizers used in Finland since 1985 have contained Se. Currently all crop fertilizers contain 15 mg Se/kg. Finland is still the only country to take this country-wide measure.In a national monitoring programme, sampling of cereals, basic foodstuffs, feeds, fertilizers, soils, and human tissues has been carried out annually since 1985 by four governmental research organizations. Sampling of foods has been done four times per year and human blood has been obtained annually from the same (n = 60) adults. The accuracy of analyses has been verified by annual interlaboratory quality control. During this programme the selenium concentration of spring cereals has increased on average 15-fold compared with the level before the Se fertilization. The mean increase in the Se concentration in beef, pork and milk was 6-, 2- and 3-fold. In terms of Se, organically grown foods of plant origin are generally comparable to products produced before the Se supplementation of fertilizers. Milk from organically fed cows is 50% lower in Se than the usual milk. The average dietary human intake increased from 0.04 mg Se/day/10 MJ in 1985 to a present plateau of 0.08 mg Se/day/10 MJ, which is well above the current nutrition recommendations. Foods of animal origin contribute over 70% of the total daily Se intake. The mean human plasma Se concentration increased from 0.89 μmol/L to a general level of 1.40 μmol/L that can be considered to be an optimal status. The absence of Se deficiency diseases and a reference population have made conclusions on the impact on human health difficult. However, the rates of cardiovascular diseases and cancers have remained similar during the pre- and post-supplementation indicating medical and life-style factors to be much stronger determinants than Se. The nationwide supplementation of fertilizers with sodium selenate is shown to be effective and safe in increasing the Se intake of the whole population. Also, the health of animals has improved. |
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| Keywords: | Selenium fertilizers Soil Foods Dietary intake Human selenium status |
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