安徽琅琊山大型真菌区系多样性

对安徽省琅琊山自然保护区大型真菌区系多样性进行了分析.结果表明该地区共有大型真菌107种,分属于25科56属,其中优势科为多孔菌科Polyporaceae(20种,占18.69％)、口蘑科Tricholomataceae(14种,占13.08％)、丝膜菌科Cortinariaceae(11种,占10.28％)、红菇科Russulaceae(10种,占9.35％),以上4科仅占琅琊山大型真菌总科数的16％,而种数占全部种数的51.4％；优势属有鹅膏属Amanita(8种,占7.48％)、栓菌属Trametes(7种,占6.54％)、乳菇属Lactarius(5种,占4.67％)、小皮伞属Marasmius(5种,占4.67％)、红菇属Russula(5种,占4.67％),共包括30种,占全部种数的28.04％.从属的区系地理成分上可分为:世界性分布成分(66.07％)、泛热带分布成分(19.64％)、北温带分布成分(10.71％)、东亚分布成分(1.79％).琅琊山大型真菌主要是以世界广布成分为主,其次是泛热带成分和北温带成分,这种分布状况可能与该地区的气候、地理和植被等自然条件的特征有着密切的关系.从种的组成上可划分为世界性分布种(70.09％)、温带分布种(14.95％)、热带-亚热带分布种(14.02％)及中国-日本共有种(0.93％)等4个分布类型,表现出一定的热带向温带过渡的区系特征.

A analysis of macrofungal flora diversity in Langyashan Nature Reserve, Anhui Province, China

To understand the macrofungal diversity in Langyashan Nature Reserve, Anhui Province, China, the macrofungal flora was preliminarily analyzed based on relevant fungal taxonomic literature and the expertise of a respected author of forest surveys of macrofungal resources. A total of 107 species, belonging to 56 genera in 25 macrofungal families and 107 divisions (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota), were identified. The dominant families were Polyporaceae (20 species, 18.69%), Tricholomataceae (14 species, 13.08%), Cortinariaceae (11 species, 10.28%), and Russulaceae (10 species, 9.35%). These four families accounted for 16% of the 25 families but 51.04% of all species in the Langyashan Nature Reserve. Thirteen families (Amanitaceae, Auricullariaceae, Bolbitiaceae, Boletaceae, Cantharellaceae, Hygrophoraceae, Lycopereaceae, Pleuteaceae, Polyporaceae, Russulaceae, Coprinaceae, Cortinariaceae, Ganodermataceae, Agaricaceae, Stereaceae, Tricholomataceae, and Pleurotaceae) contained 2-9 species each, together accounting for 52% of all families and 41.12% of all species (these 13 families together contained 44 species). There were eight families (Clathraceae, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreaceae, Phallaceae, Entolomataceae, Geastraceae, Sphaeriaceae, and Strophariaceae) that each contained only one species, which accounted for 32% of all families and the eight species were 7.48% of all species in the study area. Geographically, the families were divided into three types: a cosmopolitan element (76% of all families); the tropical or subtropical families (Ganodermataceae, Clavicipitaceae, Clathraceae, and Entolomataceae), which accounted for 16% of families; and a north temperate element (Cortinariaceae and Hygrophoraceae), which accounted for 8%. No family was unique to Langyashan Nature Reserve. The dominant genera were all basidiomycetes: Amanita (8 species, 7.48%), Trametes (7 species, 6.54%), Lactarius (5 species, 4.67%), Marasmius (5 species, 4.67%), and Russula (5 species, 4.67%). These five genera totaled 30 species, which accounted for 28.04% of the species in the study area. Four of the five dominant genera (80%) were of the cosmopolitan type, and the fifth dominant genus was a north temperate group. Geographically, the genera were divided into four types: a cosmopolitan element (37 genera, 66.07%), a pantropical element (11 genera, 19.64%), a north temperate element (6 genera, 10.71%), and an Eastern Asian element (1 genus, 1.79%). The majority of genera were cosmopolitan, while most others were pantropical or temperate. The cosmopolitan and north temperate elements together had 43 genera, which accounted for 76.79% of the total genera in Langyashan Nature Reserve. The cosmopolitan and pantropical elements together had 48 genera, which accounted for 85.71% of the total genera in study area. These geographic patterns appeared to be closely related to the climate, geography, and vegetation in the area. The species could also be grouped into four geographical elements: cosmopolitan species (75 species, 70.09%), temperate zone species (16 species, 14.95%), tropical or subtropical species (15 species, 14.02%), and Sino-Japanese species (1 species, 0.93%). Thus, the species of macrofungi in Langyashan Nature Reserve were largely cosmopolitan, with moderate representation of species with tropical or subtropical and temperate distributions. In addition to the important ecological functions performed by macrofungi, the macrofungi in Langyashan Nature Reserve hold great potential for food, medicine, and forestation. To preserve their populations over the long term, these macrofungal resources should be exploited reasonably.