Social complexity in bees is not sufficient to explain lack of reversions to solitary living over long time scales |
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| Authors: | Luke B Chenoweth Simon M Tierney Jaclyn A Smith Steven JB Cooper Michael P Schwarz |
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| Affiliation: | (1) Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO BOX 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia;(2) Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panama, Republica de Panama;(3) Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, S.A., 5001, Australia |
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| Abstract: | Background The major lineages of eusocial insects, the ants, termites, stingless bees, honeybees and vespid wasps, all have ancient origins (≥ 65 mya) with no reversions to solitary behaviour. This has prompted the notion of a 'point of no return' whereby the evolutionary elaboration and integration of behavioural, genetic and morphological traits over a very long period of time leads to a situation where reversion to solitary living is no longer an evolutionary option. |
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