分子标记物在禽类粪便污染溯源中的研究及应用进展

排入环境后的禽类粪便不仅会造成水体和土壤环境污染，且其携带的致病菌对人类健康也存在潜在危害，因此快速准确地识别并控制粪便污染源对环境保护和人类健康至关重要。微生物溯源（Microbial source tracking，MST）技术可以利用分子标记物识别人和不同动物的粪便污染，从而有助于及时发现并控制粪便污染。鉴于禽类粪便对环境和人类健康的危害，越来越多的禽类MST标记物被开发并用于禽类的粪便污染溯源研究。归纳总结了多种禽类（如鸡、鸭、鸽子、海鸥、加拿大雁和沙丘鹤等） MST分子标记物及其敏感性和特异性，重点综述了禽类分子标记物的基因来源，包括细菌16S rRNA基因、线粒体DNA和功能基因等。其中，细菌16S rRNA基因在标记物设计中的应用最为广泛，源指示菌主要包括厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、拟杆菌目（Bacteroidales）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和梭杆菌门（Fusobacteria）及其家族成员；以cytb基因、ND5基因、16S rRNA基因和ND2基因等线粒体DNA （Mitochondrial DNA，mtDNA）为设计来源的禽类MST标记物在溯源研究中指示效果最好，具有很大的应用潜能；使用功能基因作为设计来源的禽类MST标记物种类较少，且均表现出较低的敏感性，但是将功能基因作为MST标记物的思路具有一定的参考价值。通过对多种禽类标记物指示效果的比较，能为科研人员快速选择禽类标记物时提供一定的参考。此外，还对禽类MST技术的现存问题进行了分析总结，并对其在我国的发展进行了展望，以期促进MST技术在我国环境质量监测领域中的发展和应用。

Development and application of molecular markers on microbial source tracking for avian

Feces from avian make a significant contribution to the contamination of water and soil environment and increase the human health risk due to the presence of various pathogens. Therefore, it is important to identify accurately and control efficiently the sources of fecal pollution for environmental protection and human health. Microbial source tracking (MST) technique based on molecular markers could identify the sources of fecal contamination from human or animals, which is helpful to distinguish and control the sources of fecal pollution in time. Due to the adverse effects of avian feces on the environment as well as human health, much more attention has been paid to develop the MST markers and applied to trace the avian fecal pollution. In this review, the sensitivity and specificity of molecular markers targeting avian such as chicken, duck, pigeon, seagull, Canada goose and sandhill crane were summarized. The gene sources for avian molecular markers, including bacterial 16S rRNA gene, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and functional genes, were emphatically reviewed. Among them, bacterial 16S rRNA gene was widely used to design MST markers for avian, and the source indicators mainly included Firmicutes, Bacteroidales, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Fusobacteria. However, mtDNA, such as cytb gene, ND5 gene, 16S rRNA gene and ND2 gene, exhibited the best performance characteristics and was considered as a promising tool to detect fecal contamination from avian. Interestingly, the avian MST markers developed from functional genes showed low sensitivity, but the idea of using functional genes to design MST markers was worthy of reference. The capability of avian MST markers to distinguish fecal contamination was analyzed and compared, which provided theoretical support for researchers with the rapid selection of poultry markers. In addition, the existing problems of MST technology in avian were also analyzed and summarized, and its development in China was prospected, aiming at providing a reference for the development and application of MST technology in the monitoring of environmental quality in China.