Monitoring ungulates in steep non-forest habitat: a comparison of faecal pellet and helicopter counts

Faecal pellet counts have been widely used to monitor the abundances of introduced ungulates in New Zealand, but ground-based sampling cannot be conducted safely in the steep non-forest habitats that are common in New Zealand's Southern Alps. Helicopter counts may be an effective technique for monitoring ungulates in steep non-forest habitat. We evaluated the relationship between faecal pellet and helicopter counts of ungulates (primarily feral goat Capra hircus) at 12 non-forest sites in the Southern Alps. Within each site we counted the numbers of ungulates from a helicopter on three occasions and the number of intact faecal pellets along 30 transects. Mean observed densities of feral goats derived from helicopter counts ranged from 0.0 to 20.2 km^?2. There was a positive curvilinear (concave down) relationship between faecal pellet and helicopter counts. Compared with faecal pellet counts, helicopter counts were cheaper, could identify ungulate species and provided estimates of absolute density. Helicopter counts are a cost-effective method for monitoring ungulates in the steep non-forest habitats of New Zealand's Southern Alps.