Clonal types of Toxoplasma gondii among immune compromised and immune competent individuals in Accra,Ghana |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana;2. Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana;3. Fevers Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana;4. Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan;1. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular “Dr. H.N. Torres”, INGEBI-CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490 (C1428ADN), Buenos Aires, Argentina;2. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas IIB-INTECH, Universidad Nacional de San Martín - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina;3. Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669 6andar (SP 04039-032), São Paulo, Brazil;2. Parc Animalier de Sainte-Croix, Rhodes, France;3. ONIRIS Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l''Alimentation Nantes-Atlantique, Nantes, France;4. WHO Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis and National Reference Center for Human Alveolar Echinococcosis, CHRU University Hospital, Besançon, France;5. Chrono-Environnement UMR 6249 Research Team, CNRS–University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Besançon, France;1. Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan;2. Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan;3. National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan;4. Department of Clinical and Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cavite State University, Cavite 4122, Philippines;5. Zen-noh Institute of Animal Health, 7 Ooja, Sakura, Chiba 285-0043, Japan;1. School of Biological Science, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru;2. School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru |
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| Abstract: | There are three major clonal lineages, types I, II, and III, of Toxoplasma gondii known to cause human toxoplasmosis worldwide. Toxoplasma gondii infections have, however, not been genotyped in Ghana. This study detected the clonal types infecting immune compromised and immune competent individuals in Accra, Ghana. Blood samples were obtained from 148 HIV seropositive pre-antiretroviral therapy individuals (0 ≤ CD4+ T-cell count/μl blood ≤ 200) at the Fevers Unit and 149 HIV seronegative apparently healthy blood donors at the blood bank, all of the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital. Genomic DNA was extracted and multilocus genotyping conducted by nested PCR-RFLP analysis using GRA6, SAG3, and BTUB gene markers. Among the HIV seropositive participants, 54.7% (81/148) were T. gondii DNA positive for any of the markers. Out of the 81, 42.0% (34) were positive for SAG3 only, 30.9% (25) for GRA6 only, 24.7% (20) for both SAG3 and GRA6, and 2.5% (2) for SAG3, GRA6, and BTUB. Overall, 93.8% of the positives were of clonal type II, 1.2% type I, while 4.9% (4) were atypical or mixed types (I and II). In the healthy blood donors, prevalence of T. gondii DNA positivity was 3.4% (5/149) by SAG3 and/or GRA6; among them, 60.0% (3/5) were type I, and the remaining 40.0%, type II. This study showed a relatively high prevalence of active T. gondii infections in immune compromised patients and low prevalence in immune competent individuals in Accra. Type II was highly prevalent. Detection of T. gondii in blood donors raises public health concerns and screening for T. gondii should be considered. |
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