Persistence and biological activity in soil of the insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis, especially from transgenic plants

The Dune System of Doñana National Park (SW Spain) exhibit a mosaic of environmental characteristics, with different plant communities, all under the same Mediterranean climate, creating an interesting field laboratory for the study of plant responses to stressing conditions. Fourteen woody plant populations were selected, belonging to either xerophytic or hygrophytic plant communities on stabilised dunes, where topography causes differences in soil water availability. Plants were tagged and morphological and ecophysiological measurements were recorded in winter and summer of 1999. Seasonal differences in ecophysiological measurements together with morphological variables were used as plant traits to identify the main adaptive responses of the species. Cluster analysis of traits separated three groups of plant strategies: spiny legume species; sclerophyll, and semideciduous species. In addition, another two kind of strategies have been found in the semideciduous group of species, those withstanding water shortages, attaining very negative water potentials, low photochemical efficiency, and leaf proline accumulation in summer, as opposed to those tolerating water deficit, with moderate seasonal differences in water potential, proline content and photochemical efficiency. The results of this study indicate that legume species behave as a different functional group and drought-semideciduous species present different adaptive responses under the same environmental stress. Ecophysiological measurements must be used as plant traits to detect functional groups under Mediterranean climate.