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Carbon uptake in Eurasian boreal forests dominates the high-latitude net ecosystem carbon budget
Authors:Jennifer D. Watts  Mary Farina  John S. Kimball  Luke D. Schiferl  Zhihua Liu  Kyle A. Arndt  Donatella Zona  Ashley Ballantyne  Eugénie S. Euskirchen  Frans-Jan W. Parmentier  Manuel Helbig  Oliver Sonnentag  Torbern Tagesson  Janne Rinne  Hiroki Ikawa  Masahito Ueyama  Hideki Kobayashi  Torsten Sachs  Daniel F. Nadeau  John Kochendorfer  Marcin Jackowicz-Korczynski  Anna Virkkala  Mika Aurela  Roisin Commane  Brendan Byrne  Leah Birch  Matthew S. Johnson  Nima Madani  Brendan Rogers  Jinyang Du  Arthur Endsley  Kathleen Savage  Ben Poulter  Zhen Zhang  Lori M. Bruhwiler  Charles E. Miller  Scott Goetz  Walter C. Oechel
Affiliation:1. Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, Massachusetts, USA;2. Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, Massachusetts, USA

Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA;3. Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group (NTSG), ISB 415, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA;4. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York, USA;5. Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, Massachusetts, USA

Earth Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA;6. Global Change Research Group, Department of Biology, Physical Sciences 240, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA;7. Global Climate and Ecology Laboratory, W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA;8. Institute of Arctic Biology, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA;9. Department of Geosciences, Center for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden;10. Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada;11. University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;12. Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden;13. Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki, Finland;14. Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Sapporo, Japan;15. Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Japan;16. JAMSTEC-Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan;17. GFZ German Research Centre for Geoscience, Potsdam, Germany;18. Department of Civil and Water Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada;19. NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Atmospheric and Turbulent Diffusion Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA;20. Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark;21. Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland;22. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA;23. Biospheric Science Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA;24. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA;25. Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA;26. NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, Colorado, USA;27. School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA

Abstract:
Arctic-boreal landscapes are experiencing profound warming, along with changes in ecosystem moisture status and disturbance from fire. This region is of global importance in terms of carbon feedbacks to climate, yet the sign (sink or source) and magnitude of the Arctic-boreal carbon budget within recent years remains highly uncertain. Here, we provide new estimates of recent (2003–2015) vegetation gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (Reco), net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE; Reco − GPP), and terrestrial methane (CH4) emissions for the Arctic-boreal zone using a satellite data-driven process-model for northern ecosystems (TCFM-Arctic), calibrated and evaluated using measurements from >60 tower eddy covariance (EC) sites. We used TCFM-Arctic to obtain daily 1-km2 flux estimates and annual carbon budgets for the pan-Arctic-boreal region. Across the domain, the model indicated an overall average NEE sink of −850 Tg CO2-C year−1. Eurasian boreal zones, especially those in Siberia, contributed to a majority of the net sink. In contrast, the tundra biome was relatively carbon neutral (ranging from small sink to source). Regional CH4 emissions from tundra and boreal wetlands (not accounting for aquatic CH4) were estimated at 35 Tg CH4-C year−1. Accounting for additional emissions from open water aquatic bodies and from fire, using available estimates from the literature, reduced the total regional NEE sink by 21% and shifted many far northern tundra landscapes, and some boreal forests, to a net carbon source. This assessment, based on in situ observations and models, improves our understanding of the high-latitude carbon status and also indicates a continued need for integrated site-to-regional assessments to monitor the vulnerability of these ecosystems to climate change.
Keywords:Arctic-boreal  carbon budget  CH4  CO2  remote sensing  tundra  wetland
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