Converting carbon dioxide to high value-added products: Microalgae-based green biomanufacturing

Today's world faces the dual pressure of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission reduction and an energy crisis. Microalgae, which can use solar energy to convert CO₂ to organic matter, have emerged as a promising and renewable cell factory for producing nutrients, biofuels, and various high value-added compounds (HVACs). They possess numerous advantages, such as high photosynthetic efficiency, fast growth rate, and use of agro-industrial waste and nonagricultural land for cultivation. Microalgae can also effectively remove eutrophic elements (e.g., nitrogen and phosphorus) from wastewater and atmospheric pollutants (e.g., SO_x and NO_x) from flue gas, thus providing great environmental benefits. However, microalgae-based production often faces low productivity, limiting applicability in industrial settings. Genetic and metabolic modifications of certain microalgal strains have proven effective in improving productivity. Here, we review the latest developments regarding the microalgae-based production of platform compounds, biofuels, and other HVACs. Although still in the early exploration stage, the rapid development of gene editing tools, a deeper understanding of the metabolic pathways of microalgae and their regulatory mechanisms, and further optimization of cultivation procedures and photosynthetic efficiency can eventually enable the launch of microalgae-based biomanufacturing for green industrial production. Therefore, this technology is strategically important for solving the current energy crisis problems of excessive CO₂ emissions and environmental pollution. This review provides information about the advancement and development of microalgae-based production over the past two decades and discusses possible future directions in the field.