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Environmental,geographical and time-related impacts on avian malaria infections in native and introduced populations of house sparrows (Passer domesticus), a globally invasive species
Authors:Martina Ferraguti,Sergio Magallanes,Jéssica Jiménez-Peñuela,Josué Martínez-de   la   Puente,Luz Garcia-Longoria,Jordi Figuerola,Jaime Muriel,Tamer Albayrak,Staffan Bensch,Camille Bonneaud,Rohan H. Clarke,Gábor Á. Czirják,Dimitar Dimitrov,Kathya Espinoza,John G. Ewen,Farah Ishtiaq,Wendy Flores-Saavedra,László Zsolt Garamszegi,Olof Hellgren,Dita Horakova,Kathryn P. Huyvaert,Henrik Jensen,Asta Križanauskienė,Marcos R. Lima,Charlene Lujan-Vega,Eyðfinn Magnussen,Lynn B. Martin,Kevin D. Matson,Anders Pape Møller,Pavel Munclinger,Vaidas Palinauskas,Péter L. Pap,Javier Pérez-Tris,Swen C. Renner,Robert Ricklefs,Sergio Scebba,Ravinder N. M. Sehgal,Manuel Soler,Eszter Szöllősi,Gediminas Valkiūnas,Helena Westerdahl,Pavel Zehtindjiev,Alfonso Marzal
Affiliation:1. Department of Theoretical and Computational Ecology (TCE), Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;2. Facultad de Biología, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Universidad de Extremadura (UEx), Badajoz, Spain;3. Department of Wetland Ecology, Doñana Biological Station (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain;4. Department of Parasitology, University of Granada (UGR), Granada, Spain;5. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo, Ciudad Real, Spain;6. Department of Biology, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey;7. Molecular Ecology and Evolution Lab, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden;8. Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK;9. School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Clayton, Australia;10. Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany;11. Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria;12. Laboratorio de Genética Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru;13. Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK;14. Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Bangalore, India;15. Unidad de Sanidad Animal, Universidad Nacional Agraria la Molina, Lima, Peru;16. Institute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological Research, Vácrátót, Hungary

National Laboratory for Health Security, Centre for Ecological Research, Budapest, Hungary;17. Czech Society of Ornithology (CSO), Prague, Czech Republic;18. Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Colorado, Fort Collins, USA;19. Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway;20. Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania;21. Department of Animal and Plant Biology, Biological Science Centre, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil;22. Aquatic Health Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA;23. Faculty of Science and Technology Vestara Bryggja 15, University of the Faroe Islands, Torshavn, Faroe Islands;24. Global Health and Infectious Disease Research Center, University of South Florida, Florida, Tampa, USA;25. Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Environmental Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands;26. Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay Cedex, France;27. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic;28. Nature Research Centre, Institute of Ecology, Vilnius, Lithuania;29. Evolutionary Ecology Group, Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania;30. Evolution and Conservation Biology Group. Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain;31. Ornithology, Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria;32. Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, Missouri, St. Louis, USA;33. Gruppo Inanellamento Limicoli (GIL, Napoli), Naples, Italy;34. Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, California, San Francisco, USA;35. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada (UGR), Granada, Spain;36. ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Behavioural Ecology Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
Abstract:

Aim

The increasing spread of vector-borne diseases has resulted in severe health concerns for humans, domestic animals and wildlife, with changes in land use and the introduction of invasive species being among the main possible causes for this increase. We explored several ecological drivers potentially affecting the local prevalence and richness of avian malaria parasite lineages in native and introduced house sparrows (Passer domesticus) populations.

Location

Global.

Time period

2002–2019.

Major taxa studied

Avian Plasmodium parasites in house sparrows.

Methods

We analysed data from 2,220 samples from 69 localities across all continents, except Antarctica. The influence of environment (urbanization index and human density), geography (altitude, latitude, hemisphere) and time (bird breeding season and years since introduction) were analysed using generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) and random forests.

Results

Overall, 670 sparrows (30.2%) were infected with 22 Plasmodium lineages. In native populations, parasite prevalence was positively related to urbanization index, with the highest prevalence values in areas with intermediate urbanization levels. Likewise, in introduced populations, prevalence was positively associated with urbanization index; however, higher infection occurred in areas with either extreme high or low levels of urbanization. In introduced populations, the number of parasite lineages increased with altitude and with the years elapsed since the establishment of sparrows in a new locality. Here, after a decline in the number of parasite lineages in the first 30 years, an increase from 40 years onwards was detected.

Main conclusions

Urbanization was related to parasite prevalence in both native and introduced bird populations. In invaded areas, altitude and time since bird introduction were related to the number of Plasmodium lineages found to be infecting sparrows.
Keywords:haemosporidian parasites  mosquito-borne pathogens  Plasmodium  urbanization index  vector-borne diseases
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