Saxitoxin monitoring in three species of Florida puffer fish |
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| Authors: | Jay P. Abbott Leanne J. Flewelling Jan H. Landsberg |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Tampa Bay Estuary Program, 263 13th Ave. South, Suite 350, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, United States;2. Janicki Environmental, Inc., 1155 Eden Isle Drive, NE, St. Petersburg, FL 33704, United States;3. Environmental Protection Commission of Hillsborough County, 3629 Queen Palm Drive, Tampa, FL 33619-1309, United States;1. Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – Ilha do Fundão, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21949-900, Brazil;2. Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21045-900, Brazil;1. Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada;2. Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada;3. Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL 61801, USA;4. Cape Eleuthera Institute, Eleuthera, Bahamas;5. Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA;6. Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada;1. School of Marine and Tropical Biology and Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia;2. Smithsonian Marine Station, Seaway Drive, Fort Pierce, FL 34949, USA;3. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, 100 8th Avenue SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA;1. Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;2. Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P. O. Box. 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway;3. Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadallèen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway;4. Translational Genomics Research Group, OLMAN-RL, FPN, Mohamed 1st University, Oujda 60000, Morocco |
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| Abstract: | Beginning in April 2002, three species of Florida puffer fish from around the state of Florida, USA were monitored for the presence of saxitoxin (STX). In total, 873 southern (Sphoeroides nephelus), 171 checkered (S. testudineus), and 53 bandtail (S. spengleri) puffer fish were collected between 2002 and 2006 from eight regions: Jacksonville, the Indian River Lagoon, Tequesta, the Florida Keys, Charlotte Harbor, Tampa Bay, Cedar Key, and Apalachicola. Emphasis was placed on collecting specimens from the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), where recreational harvesting of puffer fish led to 28 cases of saxitoxin puffer fish poisoning (SPFP) between January 2002 and May 2004. Southern puffer fish from the northern IRL routinely contained the highest concentrations of STX, with average levels in the skin of 1787 μg STXequiv./100 g tissue. Elevated concentrations were also found in the muscle (1102 μg STXequiv./100 g), gut contents (539 μg STXequiv./100 g), gonads (654 μg STXequiv./100 g), and liver (214 μg STXequiv./100 g). Lower, yet significant (above the action limit of 80 μg STXequiv./100 g tissue), concentrations of STX were also detected in the skin (599 μg STXequiv./100 g), muscle (233 μg STXequiv./100 g), gut contents (197 μg STXequiv./100 g), and gonads (239 μg STXequiv./100 g) of southern puffer fish from Tequesta in the southern IRL, as well as in the gonads (122 μg STXequiv./100 g) of Jacksonville southern puffer fish and the skin (265 μg STXequiv./100 g) of Tampa Bay southern puffer fish. STX concentrations above the action limit were also found in the skin of bandtail puffer fish from the IRL (620 μg STXequiv./100 g), Tequesta (374 μg STXequiv./100 g), and the Florida Keys (230 μg STXequiv./100 g). Checkered puffer fish collected from the IRL, Tequesta, and the Florida Keys on average were nontoxic, containing STX levels below the action limit in all tissues. |
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