Distribution and biomass of microphytes measured by benthic chlorophyll a in a tropical lagoon (New Caledonia,South Pacific)

Starch-gel electrophoretic techniques were applied to the investigation of molecular genetic variation in populations of the rough periwinkle Littorina saxatilis. The investigation comprised two phases: a) technique development to resolve as many as possible of the allozyme loci reported in the literature as having been screened in the genus Littorina and in Melarhaphe neritoides; b) the use of these loci to assess levels of genetic variation in and patterns of genetic differentiation among populations of L. saxatilis from a relatively isolated group of populations from Galway Bay, Ireland. More than 43 allozyme loci (of which four were screened for the first time here in this species), coding for 37 enzymes, were investigated and thirteen of these loci (including two loci screened for the first time here) were found to be variable and reliably scorable. Samples from five pairs of transects were collected from Inismór, Aran Islands, from sites with known exposure levels; one transect within each pair was collected from an exposed site and the other from a nearby, but relatively sheltered site. UPGMA for eleven loci, (ARK and PGDH were excluded from cluster and FST analysis as they were unscorable in a few samples), showed that the samples cluster mostly by pair, reflecting their geographic origin and is indicative of little gene flow between populations. Levels of population differentiation were high among samples from the top of the shore, but unusually so at AAT-1 which showed nearly three times the mean FST value for the eleven loci. There was also a significant regression of frequency of AAT-1100 against level of exposure. In addition, among midshore samples, there was a consistently higher frequency of AAT-1100 in sheltered habitats. These results support the findings of others, indicating that this locus may be subject to natural selection.