Bio-agro-economic returns from carrot and salad rocket as intercrops using hairy woodrose as green manure in a semi-arid region of Brazil |
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| Institution: | 1. Instituto Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN), Km 02, BR 233, N° 999, 59700-000 Apodi, RN, Brazil;2. Departamento de Ciências Vegetais, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), Km 47, BR 110, N° 572, C. Postal 137, 59625-900 Mossoró, RN, Brazil;3. Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS), Km 12, 79200-000Aquidauana, MS, Brazil;4. Instituto Federal da Paraíba (IFPB), Campus Sousa, Rua Tancredo Neves, s/n, Jardim Sorrilândia, C.Postal 49, 58800-970 Sousa, PB, Brazil;1. Department of Paper, Wood Technology and Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran;2. Wood Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran;1. Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center (AEBC), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, #06-08, 637141, Singapore;2. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Avenue, 637551, Singapore;1. School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947Heping Avenue, Wuhan 430081, PR China;2. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201700, PR China;3. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China;4. Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States;1. Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan;2. Center for Emerging Contaminants Research, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan;1. Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento e Pós-graduação em Biologia Marinha, Campus do Valonguinho, Outeiro São João Batista, s/n°., CEP: 24020-141, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;2. Universidade Federal Fluminense, Escola de Engenharia, Campus da Praia Vermelha, Boa Viagem, CEP: 24210-310, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;3. Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Geociências, Campus Universitário do Guamá, Rua Augusto Corrêa, n° 1, Campus Básico, CEP: 66075-110, Belem, Pará, Brazil;4. Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Física, Campus da Praia Vermelha, Boa Viagem, CEP: 24210-310, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;5. Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Instituto Sócio Ambiental e Recursos Hídricos, Av. Perimetral s/n -Terra Firme, CEP: 66077901, Belem, Pará, Brazil;6. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, Departamento de Antropologia, Quinta da Boa Vista, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;7. Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Geociências, Campus da Praia Vermelha, Boa Viagem, CEP: 24210-310, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;8. Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Geoquímica, Outeiro São João Batista, s/n, Niterói, CEP: 24020-141, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;1. Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China;2. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA;3. Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China |
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| Abstract: | The efficiency of an intercropping system depends mainly on the cropping system and on the crops, which should complement each other. However, the choice of crops and factors of production are extremely important for maximizing the advantages of intercropping, which, in turn, means maximizing the bio-agro-economic performance of the system. The present study sought to assess, based on appropriate indexes and indicators and using univariate and bivariate analysis, the agronomic/biological and economic returns from a system in which salad rocket was intercropped with carrot at different population densities and one of spontaneous species of the semi-arid region of Brazil, namely hairy woodrose (Merremia aegyptia L.), was used as green manure. The population densities of both the crops were maintained at 40%, 60%, 80%, or 100% of the recommended population for a sole crop (RPSC). The following values were recorded or calculated: green biomass of rocket, biomass of carrot roots, aggressivity indexes, competitive ratio, land equivalent ratio, productive efficiency index, canonical variable score, and four economic indicators, namely gross and net returns, rate of return, and net profit margin. The most effective combination was carrot at 40% of its RPSC intercropped with rocket at 100% of its RPSC with hairy woodrose as green manure because the combination resulted in the highest values of land equivalent ratio (1.72), productive efficiency index (0.91), canonical variable score (1.68), gross returns (R$ 41,186.91 ha−1), net returns (R$ 18,621.64 ha−1), rate of return (1.84), and net profit margin (52.77%), making it a highly profitable combination for the north-eastern semi-arid region of Brazil. The most effective indicators of economic value were yield and the rate of return. |
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| Keywords: | Daucus carota Eruca sativa Data envelopment analysis Merremia aegyptia Multivariate analysis Competition and agronomic/biological indexes |
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