Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: The role of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and trade in OECD countries |
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| Institution: | 1. Amen Bank, Kef Agency, Tunisia;2. Manouba University, ESC de Tunis, Tunisia;3. Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Cag University, 33800 Mersin, Turkey;1. Laboratory of Biological Spatial Informations, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;2. Department of Avian Biology and Ecology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;1. Department of Economics, Monash University, Caulfield, Victoria 3145, Australia;2. International Institute for Financial Studies, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang, 330013 Jiangxi Province, China;3. Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Cag University, Mersin 33800, Turkey;4. Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia;1. LAMIDED, ISG Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia;2. Center for Energy Research, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan;1. Faculty of Business, Multimedia University, 75450 Melaka, Malaysia;2. Centre of Real Estate Studies, Department of Real Estate, Faculty of Geoinformation & Real Estate, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru Johor, Malaysia;3. Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Cag University, 33800 Mersin, Turkey;1. Faculty of Business, Multimedia University, 75450 Melaka, Malaysia;2. Department of Real Estate, Faculty of Geoinformation & Real Estate, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia;3. Centre of Real Estate Studies, Department of Real Estate, Faculty of Geoinformation & Real Estate, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia;4. Centre of Real Estate Studies, Department of Real Estate, Faculty of Geoinformation & Real Estate, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia;1. Faculty of Economics and Management of Mahdia, University of Monastir, Tunisia;2. National Engineering School of Gabes, University of Gabes, Tunisia;3. International Finance Group, Tunisia |
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| Abstract: | This paper investigates the causal relationships between per capita CO2 emissions, gross domestic product (GDP), renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, and international trade for a panel of 25 OECD countries over the period 1980–2010. Short-run Granger causality tests show the existence of bidirectional causality between: renewable energy consumption and imports, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, non-renewable energy and trade (exports or imports); and unidirectional causality running from: exports to renewable energy, trade to CO2 emissions, output to renewable energy. There are also long-run bidirectional causalities between all our considered variables. Our long-run fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) estimates show that the inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is verified for this sample of OECD countries. They also show that increasing non-renewable energy increases CO2 emissions. Interestingly, increasing trade or renewable energy reduces CO2 emissions. According to these results, more trade and more use of renewable energy are efficient strategies to combat global warming in these countries. |
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| Keywords: | Environmental Kuznets curve Renewable energy Non-renewable energy Trade Panel cointegration techniques |
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